Thermo Basics- Ideal Gas

Specific Heat Define Specific Heat

6/10/2009

Specific Heat
The quantity of heat needed to produce a

given temperature rise for a material as

compared to that needed for water

6/10/2009

Ideal Gas (or Perfect Gas)

If the specific heat of a gas did not change

as temperature changes, it would be an

IDEAL GAS
Why is this important to know?

6/10/2009

Thermo
One dimensional steady flow continuity equation:

W = (AV)/v

W - flow rate , lb/sec

A - flow area, ft2
V - velocity, ft/sec
v - specific volume, ft3/lb

Boyles Law:

P1V1 = P2V2 = Constant (at constant temp)

Charles Law:
V1/T1 = V2/T2 = Constant (at constant pressure)
Perfect gas equation
Pv = RT
P absolute pressure, psia
v - specific volume, ft3/lb (v = V/m where V volume, ft3 and m mass, lb)
R gas constant, ftlb/lb/degree Rankin
T temperature, degrees Rankin
assuming m = 1
PV=RT
or (PV)/T= R
R is a constant
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7/2010

Basic understanding of three

relationships
At any constant temperature the volume of

a unit weight of a gas is inversely

proportional to is absolute pressure. MORE
PRESSUSURE CAUSES LESS VOLUME
At any constant pressure, the volume of a
unit weight of gas is proportional to its
absolute temperature. MORE
TEMPERATURE CAUSES MORE VOLUME
At any constant volume, absolute pressure
of a unit weight of gas is proportional to its
absolute temperature. MORE PRESSURE
CAUSES MORE TEMPERATURE

6/10/2009

Thermo
Combining the gas laws :

(P1V1)/ T1 = (P2V2)/T2
or PVn= Constant
where n depends on the process
[for a constant temp process n=1 and we get
P1V1 = P2V2 ]
[for a constant pressure process n=0 and we
get P1 =P2 ]
For a reversible adiabatic/constant entropy
process
n = k = Cp/Cv
Cp - specific heat at constant pressure
Cv - specific heat at constant volume
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6/10/2009

Thermo
P1V1k= P2V2k

P2/ P1 = V1k / V2k = (V1/ V2)k = rck

compression ratio (rc= V1/V2 ) P2=P1 rck

(P1V1)/ T1 = (P2V2)/T2 = P1 rck V2/ T2

= V1/ T1 = rck V2/ T2

V1 T2

= r ck V 2 T 1

T2 / T1 = (rck V2)/ V1 = rck (V2/V1) = rck (1/ rc) =

rck-1
T2 / T1 = rck-1 = (V1/V2)k-1

6/10/2009

Thermo
Thermal efficiency (Eta) = Work Out/Heat Added x 100%
Work out = Heat Added Heat Rejected = Q A - QR
Thermal efficiency (Eta) = ( QA - QR ) / QA = 1 (QR/QA )

6/10/2009

Air Standard Cycles

In order to analyze the cycle in an engine we

first simplify it by using air standard cycles.

These assume that:
1. the working substance is air which
remains in the cylinder at all times.
2. Heat is added instead of fuel being
combusted.
3. Heat is rejected instead of exhaust gas
being expelled.

6/10/2009

Air Standard Cycles Diesel

Air standard diesel cycle for combustion engines:

Define: rc =V3/V2 =v3/v2 (cutoff ratio)

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rc is not compression ratio, r = V1/V2

Diesel Cycle (Contd)

Cycle efficiency

wnet
qout

1
qin
qin
during process 2->3, w is not zero (change in
volume)
1st law: qin - w23 = (u3 u2)
qin = (u3 u2) + p23 (v3 v2) = h3 h2
u44 u
u11
since qout
=
u
1
h3 h2
then
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Diesel Cycle (Contd)

assuming constant specific heats:

1

c v (T4 T1 )
(T4 T1 )
T (T4 / T1 1)
1
1 1
cp (T3 T2 )
k(T3 T2 )
T2 k(T3 / T2 1)

for isentropic process 1->2:

T1 v 2

T2 v1

k 1

for constant pressure process 2->3: p2 = p3

ideal gas law:

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RT2 RT3

v2
v3

T3 v3

rc
T2 v2

Diesel Cycle (Contd)

for isentropic process 3->4:
T3 v 4

T4 v 3

k 1

v1

v3

T v
T4
3 3
T1
T2 v 2

k 1

k 1

v
v3
v2

k 1
1
k 1
3

v3

v2

T2 k 1
v2
T1
T2 v 2

k 1
v3
T1 v 3
k 1

v
3
v2

rck 1
then, 1 k 1
r k(rc 1)
1

sin ce

rck 1
1, for given r
k(rc 1)

diesel Otto

but diesel cycle has higher r!

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rck

k 1

Example

Given: Ideal diesel cycle, r = 18, rc = 2

p1 = 0.1 MPa, T1 = 300 K
Find: T and p in state 2, 3, and 4, , w, and MEP
Assumptions: Cold air standard assumptions

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