Historical Perspective

Historical and Current
Perspectives on Special
Education: Exceptionality
and Special Education
EDU 4002
Exceptional Extraordinary
or Special
This
Week
Exceptionalities: Study in Similarities and

Differences
UAE Federal Law
WHO Classifications for Disabilities
Activity
Categories of Disabilities
Person-First Language
History from Greeks/Romans to Recent
Rights of Individuals with Disabilities
2
or
Special
Changes
in Laws and Perspectives
Changes in Terminology
Practice of Inclusion Today
Advantages/Disadvantages of Labeling
How to Include Students with Disabilities
Who is Included Typically
Inclusion: The Discussion Activity
The Discussion Points
The IEP
Conclusion
3
or
Special
A
Study
in Differences and Similarities
Exceptionality: Greek/Roman times to current

time
Treatment varied between cultures and times in
history
Typically treated badlysometimes death!
91% of people in
London Survey agreed
connection between
negative press and
perception for people
with disabilities (2014)
London Survey
Willowbrook, NY (Heraldo Rivera)
Ancient Greece
Reference: Chapter 1
4
http://www.disabilityrightsuk.org/sites/default/files/pdf/disabilitypresscoverage.pdf
What is Special
Education?
UAE Federal Law 14/2009
Amendment to original UAE
Federal Law 29, Article 12 (2006).
The state:
Guarantees individuals with special needs equal
chances in education in all educational institutions,
vocational qualification, teaching of adults, and
continuous teaching in regular classes or in special
classes.
5
What is Special
Education?
Amendment to original UAE Federal
Law 29,Article 12 (2006).
Special needs are not considered an obstacle in

joining any educational institution (government or
private).
Students can be taught in the
regular classroom. They will be
6
provided with instruction in sign or Braille.
UAE Federal Law #29 in

2006
Law regarding the Rights of Persons With Special

Needs (Federal Law # 14/2009 to include
Individuals with special needs)
Promotes the philosophy of inclusive education by
ensuring that all students with disabilities in public
and private educational institutions in the UAE
Have access to equal educational opportunities,
the number of students with intellectual disabilities
being included in general education schools is
increasing
7
What is Special
Education?
Amendment to original UAE Federal Law 29, Article 12
(2006).
School for All!

(No barriers for anyone!)
https://www.google.ae/search?
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q=arab+children+with+disabilities&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Yv7
-U5StJoeUasrIgIAE&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
Terms & Definitions
Disability - Disabled
Handicap - Handicapped
Impairment - Impaired
Special Needs
Exceptional Child
Special Education Categories or Labels of
Disabilities
https://www.google.ae/search?q=arab+children+with+disabilities&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Yv7U5StJoeUasrIgIAE&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=QegaTo9zHmrLvM%253A%3BXnpFdLchcCvdBM%3Bhttp%253A%252F
%252Fwww.arabnews.com%252Fsites%252Fdefault%252Ffiles%252Fimagecache%252Fgalleryformatter_slide%252Ftabuk%252520gov.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F
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%252Fwww.arabnews.com%252Fnews%252F504971%3B580%3B350
WHO Classifications
Impairment is defined as an
abnormality of a structure or function
(e.g., an abnormality of the ear or
auditory system).
Disability is the functional

consequence of impairment (e.g.,
inability to hear certain sounds or
Inability to speak clearly).
Handicap is the social consequence of

impairment (e.g., isolation, loss of job,
or having to make career changes as a
10
result of communication difficulties).
Identify the Impairment,

Impairment What is the childs impairment?
Dis. HC
Disability What is the childs disability?

Handicap What is the childs handicap? How
can a teacher reduce a handicap?
Impairment = physical
structure or function of legs
Disability = function
consequence is need for crutches
Handicap = social
consequences????
11
https://www.google.ae/search?q=arab+children+with+disabilities&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=vgn_U_XDFILXaq7egfAL&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wdczsbIeHsRfvM%253A%3Bb9FhWgI_UVpc7M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgulfnews.com%252Fpolopoly_fs%252F1.1013007!
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Impairment, Disability or Handicap?

Ali has a hearing loss. He must wear a
hearing aid. By definition he has a
hearing ____________. He has a disability
when_____________________.
He has a handicap when
_________________.
If you cannot use sign language and
he becomes the professor of this
class.who has the handicap?
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?
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Can teachers create environments
that increase the handicap of the
students? How?
https://www.google.ae/search?q=arab+children+with+disabilities&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=vgn_U_XDFILXaq7egfAL&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wdczsbIeHsRfvM%253A%3Bb9FhWgI_UVpc7M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgulfnews.com%252Fpolopoly_fs%252F1.1013007!
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Abdulah has ADHD (attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder).
Impairment =
impairment?abnormality of
disability? structure/function
What is the
What is the
When is there a handicap?
Disability = functional
consequence
Handicap = social
consequence
q=arab+children+with+disabilities&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=vgn_U_XDFILXaq7egfAL&ved=0CAYQ_AUoA
Q&biw=1029&bih=619#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wdczsbIeHsRfvM%253A%3Bb9FhWgI_UVpc7M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgulfnews.com%252Fpolopoly_fs
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%252Flife-style%252Fgeneral%252Fa-fun-day-for-special-needs-children-in-dubai-1.1012564%3B475%3B313

Agnes has a learning disorder. She is
16 years old but she can only read at
the Cycle I level.
Impairment =
abnormality of
impairment?
structure/function
What is the
What is the disability?
Disability = functional
When is there a handicap?
consequence
How can teachers reduce

the = social
Handicap
handicap for her?
consequence
15
Categories of Students
with Disabilities
There are specific categories for students who

have special needs.
Used extensively in the U.S. and other countries
Can be helpful and less helpful depending on
how they are used.
A couple of ways to look at them
Lets explore!
16
Categories of Students
with Disabilities:
Intellectual Differences (gifted, slow learners, mental retardation)
Grouped
Communication Differences (speech, language)
Sensory Differences (vision & hearing)

Behavioral differences (emotional & social problems)
Multiple & Severe Handicapping conditions (combination of
disabilities)
Physical
(Refer to UAE categories of Special Needs pdf document)

q=arab+children+with+disabilities&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=vgn_U_XDFILXaq7egfAL&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=6
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19#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wdczsbIeHsRfvM%253A%3Bb9FhWgI_UVpc7M%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgulfnews.com%252Fpolopoly_fs%252F1.1013007!%252Fimage
%252F56865660.jpg_gen%252Fderivatives%252Fbox_475%252F56865660.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fgulfnews.com%252Flife-style%252Fgeneral%252Fa-fun-day-for-
Disability Categories
(specified)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mental retardation
Specific learning
disabilities
Serious emotional
disturbance (behavior
disorders)
Speech or language
impairments
Vision loss (including
blindness)
Hearing loss (including
deafness)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Orthopedic
impairments
Other health
impairments
Deafness-blindness
Multiple disabilities
Autism
Traumatic brain injury
18
The People with

Disabilities: Person-First
People with disabilities are not conditions or diseases. They are
Language
individual human beings.
For example, a person is not an epileptic but rather a person

who has epilepsy.
First and foremost they are people. Only secondarily do they

have one or more disabling conditions. Hence, they prefer to be
referred to in print or broadcast media
as People with Disabilities.
19
The History of People with

Disabilities:
Ancient
and Today to Some
Killed or destroyed
Extent
Excluded
Pitied, protected and placed in charitable

centers (or worse)
Segregated
Institutionalized
Ignored, exiled, exploited, neglected
20
Historical Portrayal
Monsters, jokers, dangerous, lunatics, evils,

demons, punished that the gods were angry,
curse of god,
Mental illness- Satan
Witches witchcraft old women,
widows
If cant be cured then it is
caused by evil
Orin some places revered
Greek history the blind men were seers and
considered wise
https://www.google.ae/search?q=disability+portrayal+ancient+greece+or+rome&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=jA3_U2TIMrkaKyrgpAJ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
21
Greeks, Romans and Spartans
The societies of Greece, Roman and Sparta

valued fitness, intelligence, beauty, strength
and courage.
Children with disabilities would
not grow up to have those
qualities.
Drain on resources.
22
First People, Schools and

Services
Jean Itard 1775-1838 Wild boy of Aveyron

story
douward Sguin (1812-1880) worked with
children referred as Idiots
1829 Perkins School for the Blind, MA, USA
1817 School for the Deaf, CT, USA
Gallaudet University
Deaf and hard of hearing,
Washington DC, USA
(Refer to Chapt 1)
23
q=gallaudet+university&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=DC__U_bkHqi00QWupIHwBw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
I.Q. TESTS (early 1900s)
In Paris, at the request of educational

authorities, Alfred Binet constructed an
instrument to help identify children with difficulty
coping and students who were doing well
academically
Phrenology:
Study of Brain
Binet and
Intelligence
Test
https://www.google.ae/search?q=phrenology&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=cy__U__
6BseW0QW3sYG4Bg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619 https://www.google.ae/search?
24
q=Binet+IQ+Test&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=8S__U4D9Eoqm0AW754HgBg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
WORLD WAR II
World wars have had an impact on the
education of children (and adults) with
disabilities
Common beliefs up to WW II: they thought
intelligence was largely inherited
intelligence was fixed
true performance of children
could be predicted with
reasonable accuracy
q=disabilility+in+WWW+II&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=nSX_U5imF6bA0QXm_YC4CA&ved=0CAgQ_AUo
25
AQ&biw=1029&bih=619
Post WW II
Post war years: Expansion in services for

children and veterans
Special classes and schools formed
Recognition of large range of categories of
disabilities
(Categories controversial
then/now)
q=schools+for+students+with+disabilities+after+WW+II&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=dib_U8KTKqSf0QXui
YGQDQ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
26
Compulsory Education
But
Not
The factor
which expanded the visibility of
children with disabilities in contemporary

societies was compulsory education.
Children who couldnt keep up began to create
an administration problem.
Often told to go home: Unable to learn.
Institutions
q=students+with+disabilities+in+the+1940&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=ln
ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=fyf_U_KnAuai0QWh1oHICg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
27
Rights of People with

Disabilities:
Civil Rights!
Freedom to choose, to belong, to participate, to
have dignity and the opportunity to achieve!
Goals of the disability rights movement;

1. Accessible public transportation
2. Community based independent living
support services
3. Mobility skills training
4. Adequate housing
5 Appropriate medical care
6. Communication access and aids
7. Appropriate and adequate employment
q=disability+rights+movement&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=HTX_U9mLOuOh0QWB0ICIAg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&
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bih=619
Changes in Laws and

Perspectives:
It takes time to change a cultural perspective
Took Some Time (even
In some countries parents of children began to
now)
advocate for their children
Courts.then laws
Attitudes didnt always
change with the laws
q=students+with+disabilities+in+the+1940&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=ln
ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=fyf_U_KnAuai0QWh1oHICg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
29
Categories changed (mental retardation to

intellectual disability)
Mainstreaming to Inclusion
The difference between terms is often
mind set
Do those children belong with peers who do
not have disabilities?
q=arab+inclusion+classrooms&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=syn_U8z6EsLX0QWp1YCYAw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=
30
1029&bih=619
and Changes to
Categories:
Advantages
A book uses categories
or chapters etc. to help
organize thoughts and to help communicate

information. Categories in special education, if
allowed, can do the same.
Categories can often provide a clear description
of important aspects, raise awareness and
financial support and create a bank of
knowledge.
In the U.S. a child with a label of disability
means the school gets money for services.
31
and Changes to
Categories: Disadvantages
Categories can act as self fulfilling prophecies

Low achievers may be set low expectations
Categories may also lead teachers and parents
to think the problem is the child
Categories can also discriminate against the
culturally different and the economically
disadvantaged
What about teacher
perception?
32
More Terminology
Changes
Mainstreaming
Mainstreaming referred (old vs.
term) to
participation of students with disabilities in
Inclusion
general education classrooms to the extent that
it is appropriate to meet their needs.

Inclusion refers to the situation in which
students are educated with nondisabled peers
with the support services that are needed for the
student with special needs.
33
Mainstreaming vs.
Inclusion
q=inclusion+classrooms&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=8Cv_U8mCJIay0QWlg4HICQ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ
34
&biw=1029&bih=619
Where are We in Practice

Today? (UAE/World/US)
Laws may be similar but practice varies from

country to country and in the U.S., area to area
even within one state.
q=Globe&rlz=1C1CAFA___AE602AE602&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=IVL_U7PUJ8il4gScroDAAQ&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1029&bih=619
35
Hierarchy for Inclusive Education

Learning Environments
Cen
ter
Bas
ed
sch
ool
Special education
classroom full time
MOST
RESTRICTIVE
Reg Ed & Special Ed Classrooms

Regular Ed Class: School based Special Ed
Support
Regular Ed class: Reg classroom based Special Ed support
Reg Ed classroom: Community based Special Ed support
LEAST RESTRICTIVE
36
Special Education
Continuum of Services in the
USA & UAE
USA
General education classroom- consultants

General classroom Co-Teaching
Part-time in special & general education class
UAE
Full time in special classroom
Special School for specific disability area
Residential school or Center
Homebound or Hospital
37
How to Include Students with

Disabilities?
Brainstorm in small groups!
38
How to Include Students with

Disabilities?
Include more students in regular schools

Set up Learning Support Teams (LST) in the Schools
Have Individual Education Plans (IEP)
Better collaboration between Ministry of Social Affairs
and Ministry of Education/Councils
Professional development training programs for all
Provision of basic special ed resources to schools
Working with parents and school personnel
Access and Availability of related services
39
Integration/Inclusion
Mainstreaming
Suggestions for improving the effectiveness of
inclusion
Teach regular education teachers all strategies!
Teaching Strategies: Learn/Use strategies
effective with both groups.
Special educators: Ask for help as consultants,
Use referral teams! Make sure that all students
who require services are identified.
40
Specific Suggestions for

Improving Inclusion
Teachers attitude affects students attitudes. If

UAE law is School for All, how can you begin to
believe it?
Active Learning! Every Student Responds

EVERY TIME!
Response Cards, Guided Notes, SAFMEDS
Peer Tutoring
Cooperative Learning Strategies

41
Who are Included?

Typically Students with:
Mild Learning Disabilities
Hearing Impairments
Visual Impairments
Physical Disabilities
Down Syndrome and Autism
Gifted and Talented
What about students with more severe
disabilities?
Severe, Multiple disabilities, are in special
centers or hospitals or at home
42
Learning Together
43
Inclusion: Some Discussion

Im a regular teacher! I
am not a special
education teacher and I
dont know what to do.
So.these students
should be taught
somewhere else! Not
my classroom!
Maybe they are not being

taught well YET, but Im
going to find out how to
teach them better
because they have a right
to be educated according
to UAE law! Its my job to
figure it out!
44
Inclusion: Some Discussion
What do YOU think? Talk about this with a

partner.
45
Eight Main Issues
1.Integration/Inclusion/Mainstreaming
2.Rights of the disabled
3.Technology
4.De-institutionalization
5.Media Stereotyping
6.Regular education initiative
7.Medication
8.Employment
46
Students with Disabilities

in the Schools: What is
First, identify the student and do assessments to
Required?
determine disability and how it affects student in
school.
Meet with parents and others. Explain effects
and Present Levels of Performance.
Develop an Individual Education Plan (IEP).
Write it for one yearwhat do we want that
student to be able to do in one year.
Create objectives that are measurable and are
like sign posts along a highway.
47
Individual Education
Plan/Program (IEP)
Description of the child & family

How does disability affect student in school
Present levels of performance in different areasacademics, physical, social, communication
Annual goals (one calendar year)
Short-term objectives (stair steps to the goal)
Related services- therapies
Evaluation
48
Participants in the IEP

Meetings
Principal or school supervisor

Parents or guardians
The student
Special ed teachers
General or regular school teacher
Therapists speech or physical therapy
49
What We Covered in
Pictures
History
Definitions
Law
Inclusive Environ.
School for All
Categories
50
What We Covered in
Pictures
Person-first
History
Laws/Perspec. Inclusion
Disability Rights
How are51We Doing?
What We Covered in
Pictures
Hierarchy
8 Issues
Inclusion Works
Discussion
IEP
Whats Included
52

Historical Perspective

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Historical Perspective

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Historical and Current

Exceptionalities: Study in Similarities and

Exceptionality: Greek/Roman times to current

Willowbrook, NY (Heraldo Rivera)

Special needs are not considered an obstacle in

UAE Federal Law #29 in

Law regarding the Rights of Persons With Special

School for All!

Terms & Definitions

Disability is the functional

Handicap is the social consequence of

Identify the Impairment,

Disability What is the childs disability?

Impairment, Disability or Handicap?

Impairment, Disability or Handicap?

Impairment, Disability or Handicap?

Impairment, Disability or Handicap?

How can teachers reduce

There are specific categories for students who

Sensory Differences (vision & hearing)

(Refer to UAE categories of Special Needs pdf document)

The People with

For example, a person is not an epileptic but rather a person

First and foremost they are people. Only secondarily do they

The History of People with

Pitied, protected and placed in charitable

Monsters, jokers, dangerous, lunatics, evils,

Greeks, Romans and Spartans

The societies of Greece, Roman and Sparta

First People, Schools and

Jean Itard 1775-1838 Wild boy of Aveyron

I.Q. TESTS (early 1900s)

In Paris, at the request of educational

Post war years: Expansion in services for

children with disabilities in contemporary

Rights of People with

Goals of the disability rights movement;

Changes in Laws and

Categories changed (mental retardation to

organize thoughts and to help communicate

Categories can act as self fulfilling prophecies

it is appropriate to meet their needs.

Where are We in Practice

Laws may be similar but practice varies from

Hierarchy for Inclusive Education

Reg Ed & Special Ed Classrooms

Regular Ed class: Reg classroom based Special Ed support

Reg Ed classroom: Community based Special Ed support

General education classroom- consultants

How to Include Students with

How to Include Students with

Include more students in regular schools

Specific Suggestions for

Teachers attitude affects students attitudes. If

Active Learning! Every Student Responds

Cooperative Learning Strategies

Who are Included?

Inclusion: Some Discussion

Maybe they are not being

Inclusion: Some Discussion

What do YOU think? Talk about this with a

Eight Main Issues