Types of Light Sources

Incandescent
Discharge

Advantages of Incandescent Lamps

Simple to use - direct connection into socket.
Lowest initial lamp cost.
Immediate starting & re-starting.
Excellent optical control.
Easiest to dim.
Wide design flexibility Variety in style, output, color.
Meet nearly every need.
Output unaffected by operation in varied temperature ranges.
Available in wattage ratings from 10 W to 200 W.

Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamps

Sensitive to shock and vibration.
High overall operating cost - low efficacy and short life.
Sensitive to voltage variations.
Operating 240V lamp on 226V (-6%) reduces wattage by
10%, reduces light output by 20% and increases lamp life by
30%.
Operating 240V lamp on 254V (+6%) increases wattage by
10%,increases light output by 22% and decreases lamp life
by 30%.

Halogen Lamps
Special kind of incandescent lamp
More consistent light output than incandescent lamp
Longer life

Structure of a Halogen Lamp

Life of a Halogen Lamp

Types of Halogen Lamps

Advantages of Halogen Lamps

Provide excellent color rendering.
Light whiter than that of conventional incandescent lamps.
Continuous spectrum with emphasis on warm colors.
Unmatched in precise light control from small, lightweight
luminaires.
Easy to install.
Deliver full light output at the flick of a switch.
No warm-up required.
Simple dimming control is possible.

Discharge Lamps
Fluorescent lamp

Structure of a Fluorescent Lamp

Advantages of Fluorescent Lamps

3-7 times more efficient than incandescent lamps.
Power consumption for equal light output is less from an
incandescent lamp.
Rated lamp life between 5,000 and 18,000 hours, depending
on style, ~ 5 to 18 times longer than incandescent lamp.
Lamps can be selected for desired color rendering purpose.
Low surface brightness permits better visual comfort and
diffused lighting.
Optional dimmable ballasts are available.
Lamp color does not significantly change when dimmed.
Power consumed is proportional to light output.

Disadvantages of Fluorescent Lamps

Variations in supply voltage affects light output and starting.
Requires ballast Energy consumption, Equipment cost.
Lamp frequency flicker can cause discomfort to some people.
Ballasts may produce irritating humming sound.
Lamps are large in size for the amount of light produced.
Interference from lamps may disturb communications
equipment at close range.
Distracting lamp flashing
Stroboscopic effects can make rotating machinery appear
stationary which could be a potentially dangerous situation.
Available up to 40 W.

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

High lumen output per watt
Cool color appearance
Long life and Low operating cost
Types

Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide

High and Low Pressure Sodium

Structure of a HID Lamp

Working Process of a HID Lamp

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Efficient energy saving lighting source
Long life and small size
Greater lumen output per watt but less heat
Long life

Variety in CFL Lamps

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Expected life of LED lamp = 1,00,000 hours
Excellent for rural homes or cabins with solar lighting systems
Battery powered light
For permanent operations where periodic bulb changes are
costly or a safety hazard

LED Lamp

Comparing Different Types of Lamps

Useful Life
Efficacy
Colour Rendering Properties

SOURCE

LIFE (HOURS)

Incandescent filament lamp

1000 - 2000

Tungsten Halogen lamp

1000 - 2000

Mercury lamp
Metal Halide
High Pressure Sodium
Low Pressure Sodium
Fluorescents
Compact Fluorescent Lamps

12,000 - 24,000
6,000 - 20,000
10,000 - 15,000
16,000
10,000 - 20,000
10,000 - 20,000

SOURCE

LIFE (HOURS)

Incandescent filament Lamp

100

Tungsten Halogen lamp

100

Mercury lamp

15 - 55

Metal Halide

65 - 80

High Pressure Sodium

22 - 75

Low Pressure Sodium

Daylight Fluorescent

79

Xenon

95

What is Luminaire ?
The Luminaire consists of
Lamp
Fitting to control and
direct the lamp output
Control gear like ballast
Means of fixing the
assembly

Different Types of Lighting

General Lighting
Provides an area with overall illumination.
Also known as ambient lighting.
Lighting to replace sunlight.
Fundamental to a lighting plan.

Task Lighting
Helps to perform specific tasks.
Free of distracting glare and shadows.
Bright enough to prevent eyestrain.

Different Types of Lighting

Accent Lighting
Adds drama by creating visual interest.
Used to highlight paintings,
houseplants, sculpture.
Requires at least three times as much
light on the focal point as the general
lighting around it.

Direct
Indirect
Semi-Direct
Semi-Indirect
General Diffuse

Lighting Design Fundamentals

Know the function and activity of the space.
Determine - quantity of light, quality, brightness & direction.
Minimise colour distortion.
Provide ambient illumination for general tasks in the space.
Task illumination - local activities & demanding tasks.
Accent illumination - highlight objects of interest and guide
occupants.
Attain higher Color Rendering Index (CRI) for more natural
and normal the colors will appear.