REFERENCING

What is referencing
A standardised way of acknowledging sources of

information and ideas that you have used in your

assignment
Helps avoid plagiarism (stealing of others ideas)
Enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited

authors arguments.

What is the difference between Oxford and Harvard referencing?

Two of the most well-known and commonly used

referencing methods are Oxford and Harvard

referencing. These are the systems you are most likely
to be asked to use for an essay or thesis and also the
most widely recognised, so it is advisable to use one of
these if you are choosing your own reference system.
The main difference between these two systems is that
the Oxford method uses footnotes to place references
at the end of each page, whilst the Harvard method
includes certain information within the text.

Harvard referencing
Also know as Author-date method
Basic structure of Harvard reference includes:
Author(s) of publication Surname & initial
Date of publication Year of publication
Title of publication
Publication details Place and name of publisher for

books or volume, issue and page numbers for journals

Two stages of referencing

Citation
Citing sources within text of essay (in-text citation)
Put brief publication details in round brackets () to indicate every
instance that you have borrowed words or ideas
Referencing
Put the full details of all the sources mentioned in your work at the

end of your paper

Citation
Direct quote versus paraphrasing
Direct quotation use someone elses work word for word
Put the words quoted in quotation marks
Paraphrasing put someone elses ideas in your own words

Details to include in in-text citation

If authors name is not included in the sentence put:
Authors surname, year of publication:page number e.g.
In an analysis of equity and efficiency in public education, it
was found that South Africa has elements of both a first
world country, and a third world country (Crouch, 1996:
134).
If authors name is included in sentence put:
Year of publication:page number e.g.
In his analysis of equity and efficiency in public education,
Crouch (1996: 134) stated that South Africa has elements
of both a first world country, and a third world country.

Referencing
Full details of all the sources mentioned in your work have

to be listed at the end of the paper.

Details included in a reference are dependent on the

source type

Referencing - book
Author(s) surname & initial e.g. Glimcher, P. W.
Date year of publication e.g. 2011
Title in italics e.g. Foundations of neuroeconomic analysis.
Place of publication town of publication e.g. New York.
Publisher name of publisher e.g. Oxford University Press.
Glimcher, P. W. 2011. Foundations of neuroeconomic
analysis. New York. Oxford University Press.
Note: The names of all authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum
of eight. Add et al. after the eighth name when there are more than eight
authors.)

Referencing - Journal
Author(s) surname & initial e.g. Fuchs, V.R.
Date year of publication e.g. 2000.
Title of article e.g. The future of health economics.
Title of journal in italics e.g. Journal of health economics.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the
beginning and end pages if it covers more than one page
e.g. 19(2):141-157.

Fuchs, V. R. 2000. The future of health economics.

Journal of health economics. 19(2):141-157.

Referencing electronic journal with DOI

Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Pons-Vignon, N. & Anseeuw, W.
Date - Year e.g. 2009.
Title of article - Great expectations: working conditions in South Africa since the end of apartheid.
Title of journal in italics e.g. Journal of Southern African studies.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end pages if it covers
more than one page e.g. 35(4):883-899.
DOI - e.g. DOI: 10.1080/03057070903313236.
Pons-Vignon, N. & Anseeuw, W. 2009. Great expectations: working conditions in South Africa since
the end of apartheid. Journal of Southern African studies. 35(4):883-899. DOI:
10.1080/03057070903313236.

NOTE: A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique number that identifies electronic
documents. It can be used to cite and link electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never
to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents. The DOI will be
given in the electronic journal record (see next slide)

Article with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

DOI

DOI is a unique number that identifies

electronic documents. It can be used to cite
and link electronic documents. A DOI is
guaranteed never to change, so you can use it
to link permanently to electronic documents

Referencing electronic journal with stable URL

Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Siebert, W.S.
Date - Year e.g. 1987.
Title of article - Black trade unions and the wage gap in South Africa.
Title of journal in italics e.g. Managerial and decision economics.
Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning
and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 8(1):55-65.
Stable URL - preceded by the word Available: e.g.
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560525
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 11].
Siebert, W.S. 1987. Black trade unions and the wage gap in South
Africa. Managerial and decision economics. 8(1):55-65. Available:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560525 [2013, March 11].
(Stable URLs are provided by the databases see next slide)

Referencing electronic journal with stable URL

Stable URL

A stable URL offers reliable, permanent links

directly to online content that is offered by
databases

Referencing - Newspaper article

Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Byforde-Jones, C.
Date Year of publication e.g. 2003.
Title of article e.g. Hitches over mixed farming wages.
Title of newspaper in italics e.g. Natal witness.
Date day of publication including pages number e.g. 2
May: 11.

Byforde-Jones, C. 2003. Hitches over mixed farming wages.

Natal witness. 2 May: 11.

Referencing Online Newspaper

Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Paton, C.
Date Year of pub e.g. 2013.
Title of article e.g. New minimum wage will spur overhaul of farming.
Title of newspaper in italics e.g. Business day.
Date day of publication e.g. 5 February.
URL preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available:
http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2013/02/05/new-minimum-wage-will-spuroverhaul-of-farming
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 5].

Paton, C. 2013. New minimum wage will spur overhaul of farming.

Business day. 5 February. Available:
http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2013/02/05/newminimum-wage-will-spur-overhaul-of-farming [2013, March 5].

Referencing Newspaper (from online database)

Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Paton, C.
Date Year of pub e.g. 2013.
Title of article e.g. Farmers apply for new wage exemption.
Title of newspaper in italics e.g. Business day (South Africa).
Date day of publication e.g. 8 March.
Database preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available: LexisNexis
Academic
Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 5].

Paton, C. 2013. Farmers apply for new wage exemption.

Business day (South Africa). 8 March. Available: LexisNexis
Academic [2013, March 5].

Referencing - Website
Author(s) - Surname & initial
Date Year document was produced or updated
Title of publication
URL preceded by the word Available:
Date retrieved e.g. [2012, March 15].
Dreschler, D. & Hallam, D. 2009. Buying land in
developing nations: challenges and promises.
Available: http://www.voxeu.org/article/buying-landdeveloping-nations [2013, March 5].

Citing a Film
In-text:
(Chains = Cantene/Titanus 2011)
Reference list:
Chains = Cantene/Titanus 2011, motion picture, British Film Institute, London.

Citing a Video
In-text:
(Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010)
Reference list:
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky 2010, video recording, Madman Entertainment, Australia. Directed by Jan Kounen.

Citing a DVD
In-text:
(About Jenny Holzer 2011) or .......as portrayed in About Jenny Holzer (2011)
Reference list:
About Jenny Holzer 2011, dvd, Microcinema International, San Francisco, California.

Citing YouTube
In-text:
....models posing in the street in Fashion tales - Melbourne (2009) are edgy and .........
Reference list:
Fashion tales - Melbourne 2009, video, Channel 9 News Melbourne, 12 March, viewed 3 September 2011, <
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sLWfRzgo__4&NR=1>.
Note: Use pointed brackets around <URL> with full-stop after bracket.

Citing a Television program

In-text:
(Art + soul : a journey into the world of aboriginal art 2010)
Reference list:
Art + soul : a journey into the world of aboriginal art 2010, television program, Australian
Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 4 October.

The Oxford referencing system

This form of referencing uses footnotes to present referencing

information unobtrusively at the foot of each page of text. A small

number called a note identifier (usually formatted in superscript)
follows any quote you use and refers to the number at the bottom of
the page beside which the citation for that reference may be
found.
Most computers have helpful functions to enable you to do this
automatically without having to enter the numbers yourself, so if you
go back to add an extra reference the numbering will automatically
adjust to take this into account. On any Microsoft Word document,
simply click on the insert menu and select footnote (or
reference and then choose footnote from the drop-down list).
TOP TIP: Make sure you use a footnote to place the reference
at the bottom of the page, rather than an endnote, which will
place it at the end of your essay.

What information should I include in what order in my footnote?

A footnote should contain the following information, with the title of the book or work in italics

and all other text in normal font:

Author initial and surname,

Title
publisher name,
place of publication,
date,
page number
For example:
J.M. Coetzee, Life and Times of Michael K, Vintage, London, 1998, p.47
TOP TIP: You can usually find the publication date and place on the reverse of the title

page inside the book

If you use further references to the same text later on you can abbreviate subsequent footnotes
to simply:
Author, page number

Test
Pick some text from your investigation
Put in-text citation(Harvard) or Number (Oxford)
Create Reference (Harvard) or Footnote (Oxford)
Bibliography (this is where all sources used or

unused go)

Go to: www.lib.uct.ac.za
Hover your mouse
on Research Help

Click on Referencing help

Click on Harvard UCT: Handbook on

citation (2013)

Citation handbook

For reference examples - Scroll down

Need more help?

Contact: Maureen.Chiware@uct.ac.za