DOMES

CASE STUDY AT CST,

MUMBAI.
DARSHANA PUNJANI
NITI TATARIA
PURVI NARGUND
VIDHI PAREKH
POOJA SAMPAT
YASH PANCHAL
JAY PATEL
RESHMA PATEL

INTRODUCTION
A dome is a rounded vault made of

either curved segments or ashell of

revolution, meaning anarchrotated
around its central vertical axis.
Domes can be made much thinner
than corresponding arches of the
same span. For example, a
hemispherical dome can be 2.5
times thinner than a semicircular
arch, and a dome with the profile of
an equilateral arch can be thinner
still.
Unlikearches, which require
support for each element until the
keystoneis in place, domes are
stable during construction as each
level is made a complete and selfsupporting ring.

DOME
CONSTRUCTION
AT AUROVILLE
EARTH
INSTITUTE

TYPES OF DOMES
Beehive dome - They consist of purely

horizontal layers. As the layers get higher,

each is slightlycantilevered, orcorbeled,
toward the center until meeting at the top.
Bulbous dome - Bulbous domes are
those which bulge out beyond their base
diameters, offering a profile greater than a
hemisphere. Typically made of masonry,
rather than timber, the thick and heavy
bulging portion serves to buttress against
the tendency of masonry domes to spread
at their bases.
Crossed-arch dome - The ribs
characteristically intersect one another offcenter, forming an empty polygonal space
in the center. Geometry is a key element
of the designs, with the octagon being
perhaps the most popular shape used.

BEE-HIVE DOME

CROSS- ARCHED DOME

Geodesic dome - are the upper

portion of geodesic spheres. They

are composed of a framework of
triangles in apolyhedronpattern.
The structures are based
uponoctahedronsortetrahedrons.
Hemispherical dome
Onion dome - is a greater than
hemispherical dome with a pointed
top in anogeeprofile. It is larger
in diameter than the drum it is set
upon and its height usually
exceeds its width.
Oval dome - is a dome
ofovalshape in plan, profile, or
both. The geometry was
eventually defined using
combinations of circular arcs,
transitioning at points of tangency.

GEODESIC DOME

ONION DOME

MATERIALS USED
Domes have been constructed from a

wide variety ofbuilding

materialsover the centuries: from
mud to stone, wood, brick, concrete,
metal, glass and plastic.
The earliest domes in the Middle East

were built with mud-brick and,

eventually, with baked brick and
stone.
Wooden domes were protected from

BRICK DOME

the weather by roofing, such as

copper or lead sheeting.
Brick domes were the favored choice

for large-space monumental

coverings until theIndustrial Age,
due to their convenience and
dependability.
Iron and steel beams, steel cables,

and pre-stressed concrete have

eliminated the need for external

METAL DOME

CASE STUDY AT CST, MUMBAI

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus,

formerly known as Victoria Terminus

Station, in Mumbai, is an outstanding
example of Victorian Gothic Revival
architecture in India, blended with
themes deriving from Indian traditional
architecture.
The building, designed by the British
architect F. W. Stevens, became the
symbol of Bombay as the Gothic City
and the major international mercantile
port of India.
The terminal was built over 10 years,
starting in 1878, according to a High
Victorian Gothic design based on late
medieval Italian models. Its remarkable
stone dome, turrets, pointed arches and
eccentric ground plan are close to
traditional Indian palace architecture.

When the base of the dome does

not match the plan of the supporting

walls beneath it (for example, a
circular dome on a square base),
techniques are employed to
transition between the two.
A variety of these techniques use
what are called SQUINCHES".
The simplest technique is to use
diagonal lintelsacross the corners of
the walls to create
anoctagonalbase.
Another is to use arches to span the
corners, which can support more
weight.
A squinch can be a single arch or a
set of multiple projecting nested
arches placed diagonally over an
internal corner.
Squinches can take a variety of
other forms, as well, including
trumpet arches andnicheheads, or
half-domes

Pendentives are triangular

sections of a sphere, like

concavespandrels between
arches, and are used to
transition from the corners of a
squarebayto the circular base of
a dome.
The curvature of the pendentives
is that of a sphere with a
diameter equal to the diagonal of
the square bay.
Depending on the use of
pendative domes can be
categorized into 2 types :
1. Simple - The pendentives are
part of the same sphere as the
dome itself, however, such
domes are rare
2. Compound - The pendentives
are part of the surface of a
larger sphere below that of the
dome itself and form a circular
base for either the dome or a
drum section

PORCH AND ARCHES

It has four spacious

carriage porches for

the entrance to the
building.
Three porches are from
the public road to enter
the building and the
south side porch entry
is prohibited.
The porch is made up
of basalt stone.
The series of arches
and high decorated
lime stone carvings
make it a point of
attraction.

PLAN

SIDE
ELEVATION

FRONT
ELEVATION

THE GRAND STAIRCASE

The grand

cantilevered staircase
loftily skirts the wall
with eight and a half
ft overhanging slabs
of blue stone.
The beautiful wrought
iron railing and sienna
marble wall
resembles a
traditional Indian
palace.
The typical jaali
pattern further
enhances the beauty
of the staircase area.

WROUGHT
IRON
RAILING

SIENNA
MARBLE
WALL

THE CENTRAL DOME

The spectacular central

dome is the first octagonal

ribbed masonry dome that
was adapted to an IndianGothic Revival style
building.
Decorative squinches in the
staircase area make the
square plan octagonal so as
to support the domes drum.
The original stained glass is
still present in the drum of
the dome with the coats of
arms and corresponding
locomotives.
Use of stained glass is a
typical feature of Gothic
Revival buildings.

STAINED
GLASS

THANK YOU!