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Digital Network
(ISDN)
Developed by ITU-T in 1976
Set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data
transport services. The whole idea is to digitize the
telephone network to permit the transmission of audio,
video and text over existing telephone lines.
The goal is to form a WAN that provides universal end-toend connectivity over digital media.
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Figure 16-1
ISDN Services
Bearer services provide the means to transfer
information (voice, data, video) between users without the
network manipulating the content of that information.
Belongs to the first 3 layers of the OSI model.
Teleservices the network my change or process the
contents of the data.
- correspond to layers 4-7 of the OSI model
- rely on the facilities of bearer services
Supplementary services provide additional
functionality to the bearer services and teleservices.
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Figure 16-1
ISDN Services
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Figure 16-2
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Figure 16-3
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Figure 16-4
Figure 16-5
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Figure 16-6
Channel
Data Rates
(Kbps)
Bearer (B)
64
B channel
Data (D)
16, 64
Hybrid (H)
384 (H0),
1536(H11),
1920(H12)
D channel
Primary function is to carry control
signaling for the B channel
Acts like an operator between the
user and the network at the
network layer
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H Channels
- For high data rate applications
such as video, teleconferencing and
so on
Figure 16-7
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Figure 16-8
Figure 16-9
Functional Grouping
Defines the function of
each type of equipment
NT network termination
TE terminal equipment
NT1
Controls the physical & electrical termination of the ISDN at the users
premises
Connects the users internal system to the digital subscriber loop
Organizes the data stream s from a connected subscriber into frames that can
be sent over the digital pipe
Translates the frames received from the network into a format usable by the
subscribers devices.
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TE2
Any non-ISDN device
Ex. Terminal workstation, regular telephone
Can be used with the help of Terminal Adapter (TA)
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Figure 16-10
Reference Points
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Figure 16-11
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ISDN Layers
Figure 16-12
Mechanical and
electrical specs of
interfaces R, S, T, U
Encoding
Multiplexing
Power supply
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Figure 16-13
BRI Interfaces
R interface
not defined by ISDN, it can be any EIA standards or V or X series
S interface
ISO standard, ISO 8887, four-, six-, or eight-wire connections.
U interface
- Single-pair twistedpair cable in each
direction
- Two binary, one
quaternary (2B1Q)
encoding
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Figure 16-14
S Interface
Name
TE
NT
Transmit
Receive
Receive
Transmit
Receive
Transmit
Transmit
Receive
Power sink 2
Power
source 2
Power sink 2
Power
source 2
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Figure 16-15
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2B/1Q Encoding
00
01
10
11
-3
-1
+3
+1
Figure 16-16
BRI Frame
overhead
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BRI
Topology
Point-to-point
Multipoint
-limited distance to
ensure frame
synchronization
As many as 8
devices can be
connected to NT1,
two can access the
B-channels at 1 time
D channels use a
mechanism like
CSMA
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Figure 16-18
R and S same
as those defined
for the BRI
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PRI Interfaces
T identical to S
standard
- B8ZS Encoding
U same for
both, different
rates
Figure 16-19
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PRI Frame
Figure 16-20
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Figure 16-21
Protocol discriminator identifies the protocol in use, for Q.931 = 0000 1000
Call Reference sequence number of the call
Message Type identifies the purpose of the message
- call establishment
Reading assignment:
- call information
Different messages under
- call clearing
these four message types
- call miscellaneous
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Figure 16-22
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Figure 16-23
Information Elements
Carries specific details about the connection that are required for call
establishment:
- addresses of the sender and receiver
- routing information
- type of network that is desired for the B-channel exchange
(X.25, ATM, Frame Relay)
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Figure 16-24
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Figure 16-25
Addressing in ISDN
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Figure 16-26
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Figure 16-27
B-ISDN Services
Figure 16-27
B-ISDN Services
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Figure 16-28
B-ISDN Accesses