Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation In Low
Strength Masonry
Buildings
Presentation From TSG

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Low Strength Masonry Building is Laid
in
Fired brick work in clay & mud
mortar
Random rubble ; Uncoursed,
Undressed stone masonry in weak
mortars made of cement-sand , limesand & clay-mud.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Component Of Low Strength Masonry Building:
Foundation
Flooring
Brick/ Stone Columns
Brick Work
Stone Masonry
Wood Work
Slab
Slopping Wooden frame Roof
Plaster

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

Life Of Structure Depend Upon:

A. Geography Of Location
B. Building Material
C. Technology
D. Workmanship

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
A . Geography Of Location:
Type of Strata
Water Table
Earth Quack, Wind, Cyclone, Flood,
Snow
Pollutant
Land Slide
Tree location w.r.t. building

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
B . Building Materials

Cement
Lime
Fine Sand
Coarse Sand
Coarse Aggregate
Quality of Water
Bamboo/Wood
Brick

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

C. Technology
Architectural Design
Structural Design Based On Load
Bearing Wall
Construction Methods
Quality Practices
Construction Management

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
D

Workmanship
Structural Work
Finishing Work
Water Proofing Work
Development of Drainage (Internal &
External)
Maintenance Of Building

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

Building Needs Repairs & Retrofitting

Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
Crack & Settlement In Flooring
Crack & Spalling in Non Structural Members
Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage
System
Redesigning existing structure for nature
forces
Changed functional requirements

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
Cracks Occur Due To Settlement In
Foundation
Cracks Due To Earth Quack ,Wind
Crack Due To Overloading Of Structure
Crack Due To Reduction in Load Carrying
Capacity of Structure Due To Weathering
Crack Due To Improper Design Of Structure
Crack due to Poor connection Of Structural
Members Resulted From Poor Workmanship

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

Crack & Settlement In Flooring

Due To Improper Plinth Filling
In case of black cotton soil in foundation not
replaced up to sufficient depth by Good Soil
under plinth (For generating enough Counter
weight upon black cotton soil)
Water Table vary within the Plinth Sub base (this
occur in frequent flooding area & near sea soar)
Improper curing, Improper laying, Poor Quality
of workmanship.
Improper design for loading i.e. thickness &
type of flooring.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Crack & Spalling in Non Structural
Members
Crack In Plaster
Crack In Finishing
Crack In Water Proofing Work
Vertical cracks in long boundary wall
due to thermal movement Or
Shrinkage.
Crack Induced due to thermal
changes, change in moisture content
in building material, Chemical

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage

It may result from structural cracks &
settlement
Improper selection of pipe thickness
Improper selection of Supports & its spacing
to Pipe
Improper making Of joints
Non Provision for contraction & expansion
(Particularly when pipe is passing over
different type of long structures)
Non Testing of Pipe before & after laying
Insufficient soil cover over pipe

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Redesigning existing
structure to meet functional
requirement as well as forces generated by Nature
It is a comprehensive task & require planning which
include following Information gathering.
Field investigations including details of sub strata,
foundation details
Type of Existing structure & its members stability
Design Data Collection
Identification of components required to be
strengthened, replaced.
Cost Estimates (it is feasible up to 60% of new
construction)
Method or Procedure to be fallowed.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Crack Investigation
Location
Profile (vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal)
Crack Size throughout length (Width,Depth &
length)
Thin crack< 1mm
Medium Crack >1 to 2 mm
Wide Crack > 2 mm
Crack may be non-uniform width. i.e. Tapper in
width(narrow at one end & wider at other end. )
Static or Live cracks

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Cracks are static or live, is monitored

& recorded by Tell-TaleWidening
methodOf
Crack
in
wall
Quick
setting
mortar or
Adhesive

Crack

Markin
Crack in
g in
Glass
Glass
strips
Glass strips of 2 to
3 C.M. in width &
10 to 12 C.M.in
length

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

These Crack occur

around opening
due to drying
shrinkage &
thermal
movement in a
building resulting

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Expansion &
thickening of roots
creating concentration
of stress at joints &
weak locations such as

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

The long horizontal crack resulted due
to deflection of slab and lifting up of
edge of the slab, combined with
horizontal movement in the slab due to
shrinkage.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

This Cracks are due to pull exerted on the wall by the slab
because of drying shrinkage and thermal contraction this
pull results in bending of the wall which causes cracking
at a weak section, that is, at the lintel or sill level of the
window openings. Such cracks generally occurs when
windows and room spans are very large. This cracks can

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Construction Details Of Bearing Of R.C.C.

Roof Slab Over a Masonry Wall
12 mm
Gap ,3/4
filled with
Mastic
Compound

Concrete
Brick
Fillettiles or Cement
mortar with chequer
grove finish
First Course Of
parapet masonry
is thicker than
the wall By half
Brick
12 mm wide
groove in
plaster
Slip Joint(two or three
layer of tarred paper are
placed over plastered

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Thickness of
plaster is to much
high & silt content
is also Very High

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Longer
opening & less
bearing &
deteriorated
lintel load
capacity
exposes
diagonal crack
which is
widened
towards corner
wall edge.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Vertical crack
under window
occur when wall
have large window
opening & little
wall space on both
side of opening.
Difference in
stress due to more
stress in wall
portion adjoining to
window & less
stressed portion

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Cantilever
Chajja not
having main
bars on upper
face

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

When two adjacent walls shake in different
directions, their joint at corners comes under a
lot of stress. This causes crack at the junction
of two walls.

In Normal conditions,
cracks in this location
comes when one of
wall expand more than
short wall.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

When the long wall bends outward or
inwards vertically in the middle of its
length, this stretching causes tension and
causes vertical cracks in the walls.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Similarly when the walls bends outward or
inwards horizontally in the middle of its
height, this stretching causes tension and
causes horizontal cracks in the walls. This
happens at the base of gable wall.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Many times the wall gets pulled from its corners.
This results in to tearing of wall in diagonal
direction. In the wall if there is a window or a door,
then the diagonal crack occur at their corners.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Flexural Tension Cracks At Lintel Level Due to
Shrinkage & contraction of R.C.C. Slab

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

If the window is very large or if there are
many doors and windows in a wall, then it
tears even more easily in an earthquake.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Many times the roof slides on top
of the walls on which it is sitting on

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

Structural Repairs
Load Bearing Walls: PROCEDURE IN
NEXT SLIDE
CRACK IN
BRICK
PLACING OF RCC
BLOCK AFTER
CUTTING HOLE IN
B.W.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Repairing Of Crack Due To Structural Cause
Replace all cracked bricks
Use R.C.C. Stitching Block In Vertical Spacing
In Every 5th or 6th Course ( 0.5 meter apart ).
Stitching block
Width=equal to wall width,
Length = 1.5 to 2 bricks,
Thick =1 or 2 bricks as per severity of
cracks
Mortar For Repairs 1:1:6 (1 Cement :1 lime:
6 sand)

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
load bearing walls(May be Brick or Stone) have
inbuilt deficiency.
Each Brick have different strength
Thickness of Mortar Joints are not also uniform.
Bricks are not perfectly laid horizontally &
vertically
Opening in walls
Improper staggered joints
Use of unwanted Brick bats
1. These resulted in cumulative effect &
concentration of stress in particular section of
wall is more than other section.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Corrective Measures For Load Bearing Wall
Building
Therefore Shifting of Window, Door ,Inbuilt
construction of Almirah should be carried out
with due consideration to IS code 13828:1993
Proper Bearing to lintel over brick work to
avoid diagonal cracks & it can be done in
retrofitting work.
It is advisable to keep window width as less as
feasible while height can be increased with
fixed glass pans on top portion as per slide 41.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Importance Factor(I) Depend Upon
Functional Use Of Structures
Hazardous Consequences Of Its
Failure
Post Earthquake Personal needs
Historical Value
Economic Importance
value
Zone Have I
II
III
IV
V
ISchool
Building
value=1.5
1.5

Building Retrofitting
need

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Elevation : Distance b1 to b8 changes as
per Building l
Retrofitting
l
Need
1

b8

1
b
5

h3

h
2

h
1

h
2

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Table :Size, Position Of Opening In

Description
Building Retrofitting Need/Category
Above Figure
`b6
(Minimum)
(b1+b2+b3
)/l1
; (b6+b7)/l2
=

`b4
`h3
(minimu
m)
`b8

A,B,C
230 mm

D
600 mm

0.46 ( For one

0.42 ( For one

Storeyed Building )
0.37 ( 2 & 3 storeyed

Storeyed Building )
0.33 (2 & 3

storeyed Building)

450 mm
Building)
600 mm

500 mm
600 mm

900 mm

900 mm

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Strengthening Of Window When Its
Position Is
10

7
5

6
3
0
0

15
0

Windo
6@
X
X
w
150Not As Per Table Above Slide No 42.
Two Nos
HYSD
Bars
Section X-X

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements Recommended For
low Strength Masonry Building
b = Lintel Bend
C = Roof Bend, Gable bend
d = Vertical steel at corners & junctions of wall
f = Bracing in plan at tie level of Pitched Roofs
g = Plinth band
For Building of Category B in two storey
constructed with stone masonry in weak mortar,
provide vertical steel of 10 mm dia in both
storey.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements
Recommended For Elements of low
StrengthNumber
Masonry
Building
Of Building
Strengthenin
Categor Storey Allowed
y
A
One, Two, Three
storey
B
One & Two
Storey
Three Storey
C
One storey
Two & three

g To Be
Provided
`b, c ,f ,g
`b, c ,f ,g
`b, c, d, f, g
`b, c ,f , g
`b, c, d, f, g

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

Seismic wave propagation increases

as height of wall/structure increases.
Seismic wave expansion pushes
bricks of corner of wall out of
building.
Movement of Seismic wave through
joints of similar or dissimilar
component of building ,makes joint
open, resulting in falling of
component of the building.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Possibility For Old Masonry Structures
Strength

Plinth Belt in lieu of plinth band

Lintel level belt in lieu of band
Roof level/ gable level band
Corner steel
Shape, Size & location of Window
In Wall
Wall length to Height Ratio

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Reinforced band on top of gable wall
It will reduce bending of gable wall

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

In long walls introduce buttress
to strengthen it.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Low Strength Masonry Building Retrofitting
For Brick Masonry Structure
Height of the building in B.W. shall be restricted to
the following.
1.
For retrofitting category of building A,B,C up to3
storey with flat roof or 2 storey plus Attic for pitched
roof.
2.
For category D up to 2 storey with flat roof or one
storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
where each storey height shall not exceed 3.0 m.
Cross wall spacing should not be more than 16
times the wall thickness
CONTD.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
3. Minimum wall thickness in brick masonry
shall be one brick for one & two storey
construction, while in case of three storey,
the bottom storey wall thickness is one &
half brick.
4. Use brick from kiln only after 2 weeks
when work is in summer & 3 week when
work in winter.
5. Use leaner mortar preferably also adding
lime for repairing cracks in particular& in
masonry in general. It can be
1:1:6,1:2:9,1:3:12 as per need.

Structure Repairs &

For Rehabilitation
Stone Masonry
Height of the building in Stone Masonry shall be
restricted to the following
1.
For retrofitting category of building A,B,2 storey
with flat roof or 1 storey plus Attic for pitched roof .In
case cement sand mortar 1:6, the building up to 2
storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
2.
2. For category C,D 2 storey with flat roof or 2
storey plus Attic for pitched roof with Cement sand
mortar or 1 storey plus Attic for pitched roof with
lime- sand or mud mortar.
CONTD.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation

3. Maximum wall thickness

in stone masonry shall be 450
mm & preferably 350 mm. ,
Each storey height shall not
exceed 3.0 m and span of
walls between cross wall is
limited to 5.0m

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Cross wall connection In steps
SECOND
LIFT
600 mm
600 mm
FIRST LIFT

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Wall to wall joints are to be made
by building wall ends in steps form

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Vertical reinforcement within the masonry in
corners increases walls capacity to withstand
Horizontal cracks due to bending.

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
In Each Layer
Staggered Toothed Joint
Y
X

PLAN230
mm

115 mm

View-X At A-A

A
B
Elevation
Showing Vertical
Joints In
Staggered Layer

450 mm

230
mm

View- Y At B-

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Recommended Longitudinal steel in
Reinforcement Concrete Bends
Span of
Band
Between
Cross
Wall
In MM

Building
Category

Building
Category
C

Building
Category
D

No.
Of
Bars

No.
Of
Bars

Building
Category
E

B
No.
Of
Bars

Dia
.
MM

Dia.

MM

Dia.
No.

Of
MM Bars

Dia.

MM

5 or
2
8
2
8
2
8
2
10
Less
6
2
8
2
8
2
10
2
12
Spacing Of Tor Ring/Links 6 mm @ 150 mm Or 8
7
2
8
2
10
2
12
4
10
mm @ 200 mm
8
2 10 2
12
4
10
4
12
Bands Thickness vary 75 mm for 2 bars & 150 mm

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Steel Profile In Band At Corner &
Junction
Lap=
50
Stagger
ed

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Elements

mm)
1200

1200
mm)

450

Pair of
stone with
length=
of wall
thickness

Bonding
A. Wood Plank
( 38x38x450
B. R.C.C. Block
(50x50x450 & 8

1200

C. 8 or 10 mm
Hook
or S shape bent
Bar
900 mm For Second
Plan showing Through
Stone
Height
600 mm For First
Through stone = Bonding
Element
Height

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

S shaped steel rod placed in a through hole
in random rubble wall and fully
encased in concrete

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Pair of
stone with
length=
of wall
thickness

450

1200

1200

1200
CL

Plan showing Center bar in Casing

Casing in every 0.6 m is lifted & M15 or
Mortar 1:3 is Compacted around bar.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Cross
X bracings at
ends of
room

Three Nails
5 drilled
in member
made by
B
splitting
bamboo in
two part
Half Split Bamboo Ties To Rafter
Brace the Rafter to 50 mm Dia Bamboo (B)
Seismic Bend & Rafter should be tied Properly

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Diagonal tying on the upper or underside
of the roof Prevents roof from getting
distorted and damaged

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Installing multiple strands of galvanized iron
wires pulled and twisted to pretension

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Vertical steel at corners and junction of
walls up to 350 mm thick should be
embedded in plinth masonry of
foundations, bands, roof slab as per table
Nos Of
Storey

One
Two

Store
y

Diameter Of H & D Single HYSD Bar in mm

at each critical Section (for above 350 mm,
increase bar dia proportionally
Category C

Category D

--------

Nil

10

Top

10

10

Botto
m

10

12

Top

10

10

Middl

10

12

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

3/4B

One Brick Thick

One & Half Brick
Thick
-------- Contain One Bar At Centre

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Seismic Belts & closing a opining with
pockets made in jams of masonry.

Pocke
ts

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Encasing masonry column in cage of steel
rods and encased in micro concrete.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Anchoring the roof rafters and trusses with steel
angles or other means

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Weld mesh belt approximately 220mm wide all
around the openings and anchored to masonry
wall and encased in cement mortar

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Vertical deformed steel encased in concrete
bar from foundation to roof, anchored to both
masonry walls at wall junctions with special
connectors.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Seismic belt in lieu of Seismic Band is made of
weld mesh approximately 220mm wide anchored
to masonry wall and encased in cement mortar.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Use smaller glass panes for windows Prevents
the shattering of glass in earthquake and
cyclone

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation Anchoring roof to
wall &, reducing roof overhangs,
prevent the roof from getting blown off

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Prolonged flooding can weaken the mortar,
especially if it is mud mortar, and hence,
the wall, causing cracking in walls or collapse.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

If the ground is sandy in which the foundation is
sitting, then high speed flood/surge water can scour
the land around and under the foundation of your
school, leading to settlement and/or cracking of the
wall.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Simple erosion of wall near its bottom, or
cracking, plaster peeling off and settlement
in floor.

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Leaking Roof Too small

Deficient bearing
More Projection
Than
length of lintels
One Story
Building
Door &
Window
Opening
Exposed walls
to large
without plaster or
Pointing
Openings
to closer
Vertical
to corner
Joint
Lack Of
Without
foundation &
Wall to high & too
Unbroken joint
at
Mortar

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Extensive cracking of walls caused by
differential settlement due to flood

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

High plinth level to avoid entering flood

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Use of
pilasters
If thatch is used, cover with
strengthen
waterproof mud plaster
Use band
s walls
Projected
below roof against
m
Roof Max
truss/rafte flowing
0.5 m
Opening
r
water
1.2 m From
Buttress
Corner
in long
Waterpro
wall
Damp
of mud
proof at
plaster or
Foundation
&
Plinth
cement
Low
height
wall
plinth
plaster
Good bonding
Maximum 8 times

Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
This Presentation was focused on Low Strength Masonry
Buildings therefore for framed structures & rich cement
mortar building ,certain slides are in-valid. In next
Presentation this balance portion will be highlighted.
This Presentation was aiming to provide some technical
input to site peoples so that we could point out any
doubtful detailing in drawings to Structural/Architectural
Designer.
It is possible that features of Flood, Heavy Rain fall,
Cyclone, earth quack may collide but We have to look
priority of our geographical requirement.

Thank You