Tissue Renewal

TISSUE RENEWAL,
REGENERATION &
REPAIR
JOMIN GEORGE
LECTURER
FACULTY OF HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Email: jomin.george@bothouniversity.ac.bw
Healing
The word healing, used in a pathological
context, refers to the bodys replacement of
destroyed tissue by living tissue.
Jomin.george@bothounivesity.ac.bw
Processes of healing
Repair
Regeneration
Regeneration
Regeneration, the replacement of lost/
damaged tissue by tissues of similar in
type.
OCCURS ONLY IN TISSUES WITH
REGENERATIVE ACTIVITY.
Repair
A process in which lost/
damaged tissue replaced by
fibrous tissue or scar.
Eg. Healed myocardial
infarction.
Cell Proliferation
An increase in the number of
cells as a result of cell
growth and cell division.
Control of Normal Cell Proliferation

In adult tissues the size of cell populations is determined
The rates of cell proliferation.
differentiation, and death by apoptosis
Conditions
Cell proliferation can be stimulated by physiologic and pathologic
conditions.
The proliferation of endometrial cells under estrogen stimulation
during the menstrual cycle.
The thyroid stimulating hormonemediated replication of cells of
the thyroid that enlarges the gland during
pregnancy .
TISSUE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY

According to regenerative capacity of the cell, the tissue
of the body can divide into 3 groups.
continuously
dividing
(labile
tissues)
quiescent
(stable
tissues)
nondividing
(permanent
tissues)
Continuously dividing tissues

These Cells proliferate throughout life, replacing
those that are destroyed.
Stratified squamous epithelia of the skin, oral cavity,

vagina, and cervix; the lining mucosa of all the
excretory ducts of the glands of the body (e.g.,
salivary glands, pancreas, biliary tract);
Quiescent tissues
Normally have a low level of replication;
however, cells from these tissues can undergo
rapid division in response to stimuli .
Thus capable of reconstituting the tissue of
origin.
Eg:- are the parenchymal cells of liver, kidneys,
and pancreas
Examples
Smooth muscle
cells, chondrocytes,
partial hepatectomy
and osteocytes are

quiescent in adult
mammals but
Proliferate occurs in
response to injury.
Permanent tissues
These are non-dividing cells. If lost, permanent
cells cannot be replaced, because they dont have
the capacity to proliferate. For example: adult
neurons, striated muscle cells, and cells of the
lens.
Cell Division
What you think if you

can clone yourself?
Why cell divide ??
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of
events that take place in a cell leading to its division and
duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells.
Dividin
g
Not
Dividing
Interphas
e
THE CELL CYCLE/ LIFE CYCLE.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

The two main divisions of the cell cycle are
interphase and mitosis.
Phases
In eukaryotic cells, this process includes of four distinct phases.
Mitosis phase (M),
Gap 1 phase (G 1),
Synthesis phase (S), and
interphase
Gap 2 phase (G 2).
Interphase
During this segment of the cell cycle, a cell doubles its cytoplasm and
synthesizes DNA.
It is estimated that a dividing cell spends about 90-95 percent of its
time in this phase.
G1 phase: The period
prior to the synthesis of DNA.
In this phase, the cell increases in mass and organelle number

in preparation for cell division.
Animal cells in this phase are diploid, meaning that they have two sets
of chromosomes.
S phase: The period during which DNA is
synthesized.
The chromosome content is doubled in this phase.
G2 phase: The period after DNA synthesis .

prior to the start of mitosis.
The cell synthesizes additional proteins and continues to increase in
size.
G0
A resting phase where the cell has left the

cycle and has stopped dividing.
Check Points
The cell cycle have
checkpoints
Summary of interphase.
More growth
Protein
synthesis
Preparation
for division
The Cell
Cycle
Replication of
DNA and
Centrosomes
Just
finished
division
Small Growth
Metabolism
Preparation for DNA
Synthesis
Chromosome
JOMIN.GEORGE@BOTHOUNIVESITY.AC.BW
JOMIN.GEORGE@BOTHOUNIVESITY.AC.BW
Stages of Mitosis
In mitosis and cytokinesis, the contents of the dividing cell are equally
distributed between two daughter cells. Mitosis has four phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase.
Prophase: In this stage, changes occur in both
the cytoplasm and nucleus of the dividing cell.

The chromatin condenses into discrete
chromosomes.
The chromosomes begin to migrate toward the
cell center. The nuclear envelope breaks down

and spindle fibers form at opposite poles of the
cell.
Metaphase: In this stage, the nuclear

membrane disappears completely.
The spindle fully develops and the
chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
(a plane that is equally distant from the two
poles).
Anaphase: In this stage, paired

chromosomes (sister chromatids) separate
and begin moving to opposite ends (poles)
of the cell. Spindle fibers not connected to
chromatids lengthen and elongate the cell.
Telophase: In this stage, the chromosomes are cordoned off

into distinct new nuclei and the genetic content of the cell is
divided equally into two parts.
Cytokinesis begins prior to the end of mitosis and completes
shortly after telophase.
Cell wall for plants.
Cleavage furrow forms
I
D
E
N
T
I
F
Y
Healing
Types
Cell
Proliferation
Tissue type
Cell cycle
PMAT
What are the phase mitosis ?

What is the function of checkpoints in cell cycle?
In which phase the chromosomes aligned as equator
line?
What are the different types of tissue classification ?

Tissue Renewal

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Tissue Renewal

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TISSUE RENEWAL,

Control of Normal Cell Proliferation

TISSUE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY

Continuously dividing tissues

Stratified squamous epithelia of the skin, oral cavity,

and osteocytes are

What you think if you

Why cell divide ??

THE CELL CYCLE/ LIFE CYCLE.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

Gap 2 phase (G 2).

G1 phase: The period

prior to the synthesis of DNA.

In this phase, the cell increases in mass and organelle number

S phase: The period during which DNA is

G2 phase: The period after DNA synthesis .

A resting phase where the cell has left the

Prophase: In this stage, changes occur in both

the cytoplasm and nucleus of the dividing cell.

cell center. The nuclear envelope breaks down

Metaphase: In this stage, the nuclear

Anaphase: In this stage, paired

Telophase: In this stage, the chromosomes are cordoned off

What are the phase mitosis ?

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