Marine Auxiliary

Machinery
Chapter 9

Lesson 1

Deck Machinery
General
By Professor Zhao Zai Li
05.2006

Deck machinery (1)

The range of deck machinery is extensive and
varied, it can be divided broadly into:

Anchor handling (windlasses and capstans).

Mooring (winches and capstans).
Cargo handling (winches and cranes).

The basic requirement of all the above is to control

loads associated with chain cable or wire rope and
whilst each type of equipment has its own
operational requirements, certain aspects of design
and operation are common.

Deck machinery (2)

Most deck machinery is idle during much of its life and due to
this intermittent duty requirement, gears and drives are
normally designed to a limited rating of one half to one hour.
Despite long periods of idleness, often in severe weather
conditions, the machinery must operate immediately, when
required.

Deck machinery (3)

It is essential that deck machinery should require minimum
maintenance.
Totally enclosed equipment with oil bath lubrication for gears
and bearings is now standard but maintenance cannot be
completely eliminated and routine checking and greasing
should be carried out on a planned basis.
Prime movers may be used to perform more than one basic
duty.

Deck machinery (4)

For example, mooring winches are often combined with
windlass units so that one prime mover drives both.
The port mooring winch motor can thus be used to drive the
starboard windlass and vice versa.
This applies also to the power supply where generators or
hydraulic pumps are also cross-connected.

Deck machinery (5)

There are many instances where remote or centralised
control is of great advantage, for example, the facility for
letting go anchor from the bridge under emergency
conditions, the use of shipside controllers with mooring
winches or the central control position required for the
multiwinch slewing derrick system.
The three most common forms of main drive used on deck
auxiliaries are steam, electric and hydraulic.

Deck machinery(6)
When fitted, steam auxiliaries are frequently of the totally
enclosed type using forced or splash lubrication or a
combination of both.
A typical arrangement has an oil pump driven from the
crankshaft supplying pressure oil to the crankshaft and
connecting rod bearings whilst crossheads, eccentrics and
gearing are splash lubricated from the sump or drip trays.

Deck machinery (7)

The steam cylinders and valves are not normally lubricated as,
due to the low working pressure and condensation, steam
temperatures encountered on deck rarely exceed 180 C.
A superheated steam supply creates problems with cylinder
lubrication and in any event has little effect on non-expansive
working.
Inlet steam temperatures are limited for use with cast iron
cylinders by Classification Society rules.
Full load crankshaft speeds are normally between 90-160
rev/min increasing to twice this figure for light line duties

Deck machinery (8)

An alternative form of steam drive is the reversing steam turbine
which is illustrated in Figure 12.1.
This machine requires less maintenance and it is able to accept
higher steam pressures and temperatures, (up to 24 bar,290 C)
directly through a reducing valve from the main boilers, thus
increasing turbine efficiency and minimising its size and weight.
On large equipment, even though the turbine has to be geared
down from a normal full load speed of 2000-2500 rev/min there
is a saving in total weight when compared with engine driven
equipment

Deck machinery (9)

As illustrated in Figure 12.1, the turbine shaft and rotor are
supported in anti-friction bearings; the coupling end bearing
is grease lubricated and the governor mechanism and
location bearing are splash oil lubricated.
Although the bearings warm up rapidly due to conduction of
heat along the shaft from the exhaust casing, normal
lubricating oils and greases have proved satisfactory

Deck machinery(10)
Both reciprocators and turbines, as used on supertankers
drive the 1argest deck machinery in service.
This equipment is normally locally controlled at the
machinery position, however, it is of great advantage to
have shipside control for both windlass and mooring winch
operation and this can be simply achieved by the use of push
pull hydraulic mechanisms which are effective up to
approximately 45m

Figure 9.1
Sectional
arrangement
of reversing
steam turbine

Electric drives (1)

Electric drives are most commonly used for deck machinery.
The motors are generally totally enclosed, watertight and in most
cases embody a spring applied, magnetically released, fail safe
disc brake.
The direct current motor, although it is relatively costly and
requires regular brushgear maintenance, is frequently used where
the characteristic flexibility of control may be used to good
advantage.

Electric drives (2)

The control of d.c. motors by contactor-switched armature
resistances, common in the days when ships supplies were
mainly d. c., has now largely been superseded by a variety
of Ward Leonard type control systems which give a better,
more positive control particularly for controlled lowering of
loads.
The Ward Leonard generator may be driven by either a
d. c. or an a. c. motor.

Electric drives (3)

The most important feature of d. c. drive is its efficiency,
particularly in comparison with a. c. drives, when operating
at speeds in the lower portion of its working range.
The d. c. motor is the only electric drive at present in
production which can be designed to operate in a stalled
condition continuously against its full rate torque and this
feature is used extensively for automatic mooring winches of
the live motor type.

Electric drives (4)

The majority of d.c. winch motors develop full output at
speeds of the order of 500 rev/min and wherever necessary
are arranged to run up to two to four times this speed for
light line duties.
Windlass motors on the other hand do not normally operate
with a run up in excess of 2:1 and usually have a full load
working speed of the order of 1000 rev/min

Electric drives (5)

D.C. motors may also be controlled by static thyristor
converters which convert a.c. supply into a variable d. c.
voltage of the required magnitude and polarity for any
required armature speed.
These converters must be of a type capable of controlled
rectification and inversion with bi-directional current flow if
full control is to be obtained (Figure9.2) .

Figure 9.2

Load/speed characteristic
of Ward Leaoard thyristor
controlled winch.

Electric drives (6)

A.C. motors, either wound rotor or cage, are also in
common use.
With these the speed may be changed by means of pole
changing connections or, in the case of the wound rotor
induction motor, by changing the value of the resistance
connected to the rotor.
Both methods involve the switching of high currents at
medium voltage in several lines simultaneously and the use of
multi pole contactors is common.
These drives offer a very limited choice of only two or three
discrete speeds such as 0.65,0.325 and 0.1025 m/sec
corresponding to 4.8 and 24 pole operation.

Electric drives (7)

The wound rotor type is slightly more flexible in hoist
control but, as with the resistance controlled d.c. motor,
difficulty is experienced in providing effective control of an
overhauling load e.g lowering a suspended load.
These disadvantages are often outweighed by lower cost,
particularly of the cage induction motor. in comparison with
the more flexible d.c.
Typical performance curves are shown in Figure 9.3.

Figure 9.3

Performance
curves of a 3
tonne winch.
AC
Pole-changing
cage motor.

Electric drives (8)

Another form of induction motor control system is based on
the relationship between output torque and applied voltage,
the torque being proportional to the voltage squared.
The controller takes the form of a three-phase series
regulator with an arm in each supply line to the motor.
A stable drive system can only be achieved by this means if
a closed loop servo control system is used in conjunction
with a very fast acting regulator which automatically adjusts
the output torque to suit the load demand at the set speed.

Electric drives (9)

Control of an overhauling load is possibly by means of

injection braking techniques.
A combined system employing both these control principles
can provide full control requirements for all deck machinery.
The a. c. drives described operate at the supply frequency and
consequently rapid heating of the motor will occur if the drive
is stalled when energised .
The majority of a.c. motors on deck machinery run at a
maximum speed corresponding to the 4 pole synchronous
speed of 1800 rev/min on a 60 Hz supply.

Electric drives (10)

These speeds are similar to the maximum speeds used with
d.c. drives and the bearings and shaft details tend to be much
the same.
The motor bearings are normally grease lubricated;
however, in some cases where the motor is flange mounted
on an oil bath gearcase, the driving end bearing is open to
the gearcase oil and grease lubrication is not required.