Pressure Measurements: AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics
Pressure Measurements
Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Measurable pressures
Absolute pressure
Gage pressure
Differential pressure
Atmospheric/barometric pressure
Static pressure
Total Pressure
Pressure Measurement
Mechanical Pressure Measurement
Manometer
Mechanical deflection
Pressure Sensitive Paint

Measures the oxygen concentration in a
polymer paint layer
p ~ pO2 ~ c[0 2 ]
Oxygen Henrys Constant x

Partial
oxygen concentration
pressure
Static
pressure
Pressure/Vacuum Gauge Ranges
Manometers
Manometer Resolution
p2 p1 ( L gh)
1/ 2
Main use for Manometers is calibration

of electronic pressure transducers
1.0 inch of H2O = .036 psi
.001 inch of H2O = .3.6 x 10-5 psi
Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauges
Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer
Capacitance Pressure Transducer
Resonant Wire Pressure Transducer
Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

Only for
Unsteady
Measurements
Kulite Transducer
Used in shock tube
Magnetic Pressure Transducer
Optical Pressure Transducer
Dead Weight Calibrator
Electronic Scanning Valve

Array of inexpensive
transducers (16 32)
Method to calibrate
automated
during test
Scanning Valve Systems
Pitot Probe
Yaw Probes
Kiel Probes
3 Hole
5 Hole
7 Hole
Kiel Probe
3 Hole Probes
5 Hole Probes
7 hole Probe
Easy to construct
Measures
total pressure
static pressure
3 velocity components
Seven-Hole Pressure Probe Coordinate System is

Defined By Pitch and Yaw Angles
x
u V cos cos
v V sin
w V cos sin
Velocity Invariant,
Seven-Hole Probe
AAE Non-Dimensional
520 Experimental Aerodynamics
Pressure Coefficients
Flow Angle Coefficients:
0.035"
3
2
5
7
0.109"
CP CPA
6
1
CP
P4 P1
CPA
P7 P
P3 P6
CPB
P7 P
P2 P5
CPC
P7 P
1 6
P Pi
6 i 1
CPB CPC
2
CPB CPC
3
Total and Static Pressure Coefficients:
CPTotal
P7 PTotal
P7 P
CPStatic
P PStatic
P7 P
2
V P7 P 1 CPStatic CPTotal

Seven-HoleAAE
Probe
Angular
Sensitivity Must be
520 Experimental
Aerodynamics
Calibrated in a Uniform Flow Field
Probe
5
= -28
= 30
Pitch
Dial
Yaw Pressure Coefficient (Cp )
= 28
= 30
2
1
0
= 5
-1
-2
-3
= 4
-4
-5
Computer Controlled
Rotary Table
-7
-8
Constant Pitch ()
= 28
= -30
-6
-7
-6
-5
-4
= -28
= -30
Constant Yaw ()
-3
-2
-1
Pitch Pressure Coefficient (Cp )

Stepper
Motor
30
T o ta l P r e s s u r e C o e ff ic ie n t ( C p T )
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
-3 0
-8
-4
-2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
30
20
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
30
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
-3 0
6
-2 0
-1 0
10
30
20
Cp
Static
20
Total
S t a t ic P r e s s u r e C o e f f ic ie n t ( C p S )
-6
Y a w A n g le ( )
P itc h A n g le ( )
20
Cp
-2
-4
-6
-8
-8
-6
-4
-2
0 .5
0
-0 .5
-1
-1 .5
-2
30
20
10
0
-1 0
-2 0
Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics - 3 0
-3 0
-2 0
-1 0
10
20
30

Measure Probe
Pressures
(P1, P2, P3, P4,
Interpolate on probe calibration

data to find total and static
pressure coefficients:
P5, P6, P7)
CPtotal = ( , )
CPstatic = ( , )
[Figures 3.5 & 3.6]
Compute:
CP = (Pi)i=1,7
CP = (Pi)i=1,7
P = mean Pi i1,7
Compute total and static pressure:

PTotal P7 P7 P CPtotal
PStatic P P7 P CPstatic
[section 3.1.2]
Compute magnitude of flow velocity:
2
V P7 P 1 CPStatic CPTotal

Interpolate on probe
calibration data to
find flow angles:
= (CP , CP)
= (CP , CP)
[Figures 3.7 & 3.8]
Compute velocity components:
u V cos cos
v V sin
w V cos sin
Integral Conservation
Equation Analysis
y
A Y+
A X-
Mass Conservation:
V n dA 0
A ZA STRUT
A Z+
Momentum Conservation:
z
A Yx
V n VdA F
S
A X+
Allows determination of lift and drag breakdown

from flow field data
Total Drag Analysis:

1
CD
q A S
AX
p TIN p TOUT
2
2
2
uIN uOUT v OUT w 2OUT dA
2
2
Profile Drag
Induced Drag
Drag Breakdown Analysis:

Viscous Drag:
CD Viscous
A STRUT
pT
V
p TOUT dA +
2
u * OUT
2
- u OUT
AX
Inviscid Drag:
CD Inviscid
1
A STRUT
AX
2
- u * OUT + vOUT
w 2OUT dA
dA
Constant Area Duct Vertical Axis

AAE
520 Experimental Aerodynamics
(6' x 4')
Wind Tunnel
Contraction
Horizontal Axis
Upstream
Measurement
Station
()
(c=48)
V
Probe Arm
Y
Z
Inflow Plane
x/c = -0.71
Plane 1
7-Hole
Domain for x/c = 1.25
Plane
2
Pressure
Heat Transfer
x/c
=
2.25
Probe
Measurements
520 Experimental
Aerodynamics
Total PressureAAE
Loss
and Crossflow
Velocity in Vortex
Flow Regions
PTOTAL (psi)
Pressure System Response Time

Flush Mounted Transducer
Maximum performance
Diaphragm
Tubing
Cavity
Time response depends on

Volume Change
Friction in Tube
Acceleration of
fluid and diaphragm
Compressibility of fluid
pi suddenly increases
The pressure differential will cause the fluid to flow into the cavity
Consider steady laminar Incompressible flow
Characteristic
of transducer t pressure change C in 3 / psi
Change in Volume/uni
Qp
Diaphragm
L
pi
Tubing -dt
32 LV
pi pm
d t2
pm
V average velocity
in tube
d t4 ( pi pm )
dp
dQ d t2
V
CQp m
dt
4
128L
dt
dp
m pm pi
dt
128University
LCQp - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Purdue
d t4
Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP)

and
Temperature Sensitive Paint (TSP)
E x c ita tio n
U V L am p
L aser
F la s h L a m p
D e te c to r

C C D
O p t ic a l
F ilt e r
PM T
PD
C a lib r a te O u tp u t
fo r T e m p e r a tu r e
or P ressu re
E m is s io n
L u m in e s c e n t M o le c u le
B in d e r
P o ly m e r
P o r o u s S o lid
TSP -Temperature Sensitive Paint

PSP - Pressure Sensitive Paint
Photo-physical process:
-absorb a photon
-transition to excited state
-Oxygen quenching (PSP)
or thermal quenching (TSP)
=> Pressure and/or temperature
dependent luminescent intensity
and luminescent lifetime
Temperature Sensitive Paint

High temperature causes non-radiative decay
thermal quenching
Obeys Arrhenius relation:
For limited temp. range
I(T)
I
(
T
)
ref ref
ln
Rg
1
1
T
T
ref
Similar molecules to
PSP, but in oxygen
impermeable binder
I 1 to 5%
~ 0
T
C
Pressure Sensitive
Paint
p
[O 2]
polymer
Oxygen Quenches Luminescence

Stern-Volmer Equation
I0
0
1 Ksv [O2 ]
I
Using Henrys Law
[O2 ] polymer ~ ( pO2 ) above polymer ~ p

Rewrite
I ref
p
A B
I
pref
Iref -reference -accounts for

I 1 to 5% 1 to 5%
nonuniformities in thickness,
~
~
Purdue University - School of Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
p
psi
.1 bar
lighting and concentration
Jablonski Diagram
Sn
kic
S2
vibration
kisc
kic
S1
intersystem crossing (ISC)
T1
(singlet state)
h
excitation
(triplet state)
kic
kisc
fluorescence
p
phosphorescence
S0
(ground state)
internal conversion (IC)
Measurement Systems
CCD based
Temperature or pressure
PC with
digitizing
ratio wind off/wind on images
board
TV
Monitor
painted wind tunnel model

long-pass filter
CCD camera
lamp SS or Flash
short-pass filter
Measurement Systems
Laser Scanning System
excitation
PC with Intensity or phase

A/D based measurements
board
intensity
emission
time
long-pass filter
laser
painted wind tunnel model
PMT
computer controlled
scanning mirror
Measurement Systems
Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging System (FLIM) system
Temperature or pressure ratio in phase/out of phase images
Modulated
camera
Long pass Model coated with

paint
filter
Light
source
time
Control
box
In phase
Camera
time
Out of phase
PC
Modulated
light source
time
Current State of the Art of

PSP/TSP
T= -196 C to 200 C M=.01 to 10
Accuracy 1 Degree Centigrade Resolution <. 01 C
Time Response 1 sec Typical (<1 ms demonstrated)
Pressure Sensitive Paint

P=.001 to 2 atm M=.05 to 5
Accuracy 1.0 mbar Resolution .5 mbar
Time response .5 sec Typical
( 1 microsec demonstrated)
Applications
(TSP)
Transition Detection
Low Speed
Cryogenic Wind Tunnel
Quantitative Heat Transfer

Camera Based M=10
Scanning System Laser Spot Heating
Transition Detection
Low Speed
TSP EuTTA in dope

Wing heated with
photographic spot lamps
to ~20 C above ambient
8 bit Camera
Results
Low Speed Transition
Raw Image
(false color)
Transition
Cryogenic Wind Tunnel
0.1m Transonic Cryogenic Wind Tunnel at NAL
Wind Tunnel Set-Up

TSP Ru(trp) in GP197
Ru(trp) in clear coat
Surface Roughness
.1 micron rms
M=0.40, Tt=150K ,=-20
M=0.40, Tt=90K ,=-20
M=0.81, Tt=120K ,=+20
Transition Image and Shadow of the Shock Wave

NACA64A012
M=.81
Tt=120 K
Pt=110 kPa
=+20
Chordwise Luminescent Intensity Profiles
Transition on a HSNLF in the NASA .3 meter

cryogenic wind tunnel
Quantitative Heat Transfer

M=10
Tunnel #9
M=10
Run time ~1.0 sec
1.5 meter Diameter
TSP - EuTTA in dope

Metal model
Insulating Layer mylar film (model airplane monokote)
50 microns thick
Raw Image
Application Oblique Jet

nozzle
impingement
surface
paint coating
p o /pa
H/D
2.71
3.8
10 o
CCD Intensity, FLIM ,Laser Scanning
Experimental setup
0.5 cm
Diameter
Nozzle
Impingement
Plate
Plenum
100<po<400kPa
2.5<H<10cm
5<<90o
Easy control of
surface temperature
and pressure
p0
(kPa)
340
Experimental conditions:
T0
(K)
300
pexit
(kPa)
179.5
Texit
(K)
250
Mexit
1
patm
(kPa)
100
Tatm
(K)
300
with =10o and H=5cm

Difficult case: large temperature
gradients, pressure variations
due to shock waves
Intensity based/FLIM systems

(TSP)
300
-5
298
297
s/D
296
295
294
293
10
-5
0
b/D
intensity based
292
T(K)
299
-5
298
297
s/D
299
300
296
295
294
293
10
-5
0
b/D
FLIM
292
T(K)
Intensity based/FLIM systems

(PSP)
0.1
-5
0.08
0.06
s/D
0.04
0.12
-5
0.1
0.08
0.06
s/D
0.12
0.04
0.02
0.02
10
-0.02
-0.02
10
-5
0
b/D
intensity based
Cp
-5
0
b/D
FLIM
po /pa
H/D
2.71
3.8
10 o
Schlieren flow-visualization
Cp
Application
Oscillating Jet
Unsteady Flow Field

fluidic oscillator
Air Supply
Generates an oscillating jet

when supplied with a fluid
Jet oscillation frequency
varies with supply pressure
Oscillation frequency
ranges from 0 to 6.5kHz
(Raghu, Bowles Fluidics)
cm
Jet Exit
Fluidic Oscillator Flow Field

The fluidic oscillator jet exhibits a saw-tooth flow pattern.
Schlieren Images
0 Phase
180 Phase
Hot film probe

Schlieren Images recorded with R-134a
refrigerant as the supply fluid
Power Spectrum calculated from hot

film data acquired through LabVIEW
DAQ system (250kHz sampling rate)
Fluidic Oscillator Setup

Nitrogen Supply
Fluidic Oscillator
Triggering Microphone
PSP Sample
(TLC shown)
Excitation source:
Blue LED array
Long Pass Filter
12 Bit CCD Camera
Fluidic Oscillator Setup

N2
triggered pulse
microphone signal
fluidic
oscillator
microphone
use N2 to obtain high
intensity change
LED
porous PSP
pulsed illumination
pulsed excitation source is
synchronized with fluidic oscillation
PC
CCD
Experiment Parameters
Porous PSP: AA-PSP, TLC-PSP, PC-PSP
Jet Oscillation frequency: 5kHz (with ~1psi N2
supply pressure)
12s light pulse width (square wave)

6% of oscillation period
Excitation source triggered by microphone
signal with triggering delays
Camera exposure time on the order of 10s
Full Field TLC-PSP Results

Jet position within the cycle is resolvable with TLC-PSP

Paint Sample:
TLC-PSP with
Ru(dpp)
Oscillation
Frequency:
5kHz
(animation)
successive time steps are obtained by adjusting
the delay on the pulse generator that drives the
excitation light source
Successive Images obtained by

Porous PSP
scale normalized from air to pure nitrogen
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
AA-PSP
TLC-PSP
= 81.8s (12.2kHz)
11s camera exposure
(55k pulses)
= 87.7s (11.4kHz)
10s camera exposure
(50k pulses)
PC-PSP
= 243s (3.95kHz)
100ms camera exposure
(0.5k pulses)
TLC-PSP
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
AA-PSP
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
PC-PSP
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Application
Rotating Machinery
Purdue Research Axial Fan Facility

TSPC - Mechanical Engineering
Plan View
Flow Meter
Screens and Honeycomb
400 HPMotor Magnetic

Clutch
Torque Meter
Gearbox
Test Section
Side View
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Purdue
University
- School
of of
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Compressor configuration
single stage
2/3 hub-tip ratio
18 variable inlet guide vanes
19 rotor blades
Ri=4, Ro=6
chord=2
t/c=10%(hub), 6%(tip)
NACA 65 series airfoil
measured data:
mass flow:
3.45 kg/s @ 10,000 rpm
5.35 kg/s @ 16,000 rpm
total pressure ratio:
1.06 @ 10,000 rpm
1.15 @ 16,000 rpm
Variable inlet GuideVanes

Compressor Rotor
Flow
IGV
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Purdue
University
- School
of of
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Rotor blade
Purdue Research Axial Fan Facility

PSP and TSP coated blades
PurdueUniversity
University--School
School of
of Aeronautics
Purdue
Aeronauticsand
andAstronautics
Astronautics
Laser scanning system setup

Computer Controlled
Scanning Mirror
Variable inlet GuideVanes

Compressor Rotor
Po=Patm
Long Pass Filter

Photomultiplier Tube
Argon-ion Laser
(488 nm)
Inlet Contraction
air cooled argon ion laser

10mw@488nm
low noise photomultiplier tube
100 ensemble averages
1 mm spot size
600nm long pass optical filter
12 bit 500 kHz A/D board
21 radial locations
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Purdue
University
- School
of of
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Pressure and temperature distributions at 17,800 rpm
temperature
paint
rotation
shock
wave
pressure
paint
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Purdue
University
- School
of of
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Pressure, psia
Temperature, oC
strong
radial
temp
variation
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Purdue
University
- School
of of
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
x/c
Comparison of PSP based pressure and CFD
PurdueUniversity
University--School
School of
of Aeronautics
Purdue
Aeronauticsand
andAstronautics
Astronautics
Allied Signal F109 Turbofan Engine

Two spool, contrarotating concentric shaft
Bypass ratio = 5, Tdesign=1330 lbs.
18 diam fan section, 30 compressor blades
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Purdue
University
- School
of of
Aeronautics
and
Astronautics
Application
Flight Test
Raytheon Beechjet 400A

532nm Nd: Yag laser

scanning from cabin window
Mylar strips coated
with PSP and TSP
31
=0.

Lab View Run
Data Acquisition System
Wing Section with PSP

coated Mylar Tape
532nm Diode Laser
Pan & Tilt

Rotary
Positioning
Stages
P.M.T.
EO Modulator
EO Modulator
Driver
Lock in Amp
Rotary Stage
Controller
Laptop
Hardware Installation
Scanning Grid
PSP: 70 chordwise points (approx. 1pt/in.)

31% from x/c 0.05 to x/c 0.78 : LIMITED VIEWING AREA
55% from x/c 0.05 to x/c 0.97
85% from x/c 0.05 to x/c 0.96
Scanning Head
Test #1 (Purdue) : Paint

Location
Test #1 (Purdue): Flight

Envelope
s
De
nd
nd
21,000ft
21,00 ft.
ce
Cli
m
M= 0.69
Tstatic = -14C
Pstatic=6. 76psi
ce
31,000 ft.
es
D
M= 0.75
Tstatic = -35C
Pstatic=4.36psi
Lafayette
Lafayette
Lafayette
17 min.
18 min.
5 min.
13 min.
14 min.
Temperature Distribution
Raw Phase from TSP

-10
31kft
21kft
= 0.31
-12
-14
Fuel Cell
Phase Shift (arb)
-16
-18
Forward and Aft

Spars
-20
-22
-24
-26
Spars
-28
-30
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
x/c
Temperature distribution inaccurate & noisy

Strong chordwise temperature variation
Cp Distribution @ 21kft
-1.4
PSP T=-5C
MHI Flight
Test Data
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
Cp
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2 0.0
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
x/c
0.6
0.8
Purdue
University
- School
Aeronautics
and Astronautics
Difference
between
fuel
and of
OAT
significantly
less than @ 31kft
=31% 31kft. M=0.75

-1.4
-1.2
PSP T=-8 C
MHI F-test Data
MHI CFD
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
Cp
-0.4
Pre-Flight
-0.2
0.0
0.2 0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
x/c
0.4
0.6
0.8
31%
Tape profile in-flight

Post-Flight

Pressure Measurements: AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pressure Measurements: AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Pressure Sensitive Paint

Oxygen Henrys Constant x

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Pressure/Vacuum Gauge Ranges

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Main use for Manometers is calibration

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauges

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Capacitance Pressure Transducer

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Resonant Wire Pressure Transducer

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Piezoelectric Pressure Transducer

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Magnetic Pressure Transducer

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Optical Pressure Transducer

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Dead Weight Calibrator

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Electronic Scanning Valve

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Scanning Valve Systems

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics

Purdue University - School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

AAE 520 Experimental Aerodynamics