CE579 Half Course Summary

CE 579: STRUCTRAL STABILITY AND DESIGN
Amit H. Varma
Assistant Professor
School of Civil Engineering
Purdue University
Ph. No. (765) 496 3419
Email: ahvarma@purdue.edu
Office hours: M-W-F 9:00-11:30 a.m.
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability

OUTLINE
Definition of stability
Types of instability
Methods of stability analyses
Examples small deflection analyses
Examples large deflection analyses
Examples imperfect systems
Design of steel structures
STABILITY DEFINITION
Change in geometry of a structure or structural component

under compression resulting in loss of ability to resist loading
is defined as instability in the book.
Instability can lead to catastrophic failure must be accounted

in design. Instability is a strength-related limit state.
Why did we define instability instead of stability? Seem strange!
Stability is not easy to define.
Every structure is in equilibrium static or dynamic. If it is not in

equilibrium, the body will be in motion or a mechanism.
A mechanism cannot resist loads and is of no use to the civil
engineer.
Stability qualifies the state of equilibrium of a structure. Whether it
is in stable or unstable equilibrium.
Structure is in stable equilibrium when small perturbations do

not cause large movements like a mechanism. Structure
vibrates about it equilibrium position.
Structure is in unstable equilibrium when small perturbations

produce large movements and the structure never returns to
its original equilibrium position.
Structure is in neutral equilibrium when we cant decide whether

it is in stable or unstable equilibrium. Small perturbation cause
large movements but the structure can be brought back to its
original equilibrium position with no work.
Thus, stability talks about the equilibrium state of the structure.
The definition of stability had nothing to do with a change in the

geometry of the structure under compression seems strange!
BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY
Change in geometry of structure under compression that

results in its ability to resist loads called instability.
Not true this is called buckling.
Buckling is a phenomenon that can occur for structures under

compressive loads.
The structure deforms and is in stable equilibrium in state-1.

As the load increases, the structure suddenly changes to
deformation state-2 at some critical load Pcr.
The structure buckles from state-1 to state-2, where state-2 is
orthogonal (has nothing to do, or independent) with state-1.
What has buckling to do with stability?
The question is - Is the equilibrium in state-2 stable or unstable?

Usually, state-2 after buckling is either neutral or unstable
equilibrium
BUCKLING
P<Pcr
P=Pcr
P>Pcr
BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY
Thus, there are two topics we will be interested in this course
Buckling Sudden change in deformation from state-1 to state-2

Stability of equilibrium As the loads acting on the structure are
increased, when does the equilibrium state become unstable?
The equilibrium state becomes unstable due to:
Large deformations of the structure

Inelasticity of the structural materials
We will look at both of these topics for
Columns
Beams
Beam-Columns
Structural Frames
TYPES OF INSTABILITY
Structure subjected to compressive forces can undergo:
1.
Buckling bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation state-1 to

state-2.
2.
Failure due to instability of equilibrium state-1 due to large

deformations or material inelasticity
Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and symmetric

frames under gravity loads only
Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames subjected

to gravity and lateral loads.
Inelastic instability can occur for all members and the frame.
We will study all of this in this course because we dont want

our designed structure to buckle or fail by instability both of
which are strength limit states.
TYPES OF INSTABILITY
BIFURCATION BUCKLING
Member or structure subjected to loads. As the load is

increased, it reaches a critical value where:
The deformation changes suddenly from state-1 to state-2.

And, the equilibrium load-deformation path bifurcates.
Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates
Primary load-deformation path before buckling

Secondary load-deformation path post buckling
Is the post-buckling path stable or unstable?
SYMMETRIC BIFURCATION
Post-buckling load-deform. paths are symmetric about load axis.
If the load capacity increases after buckling then stable symmetric

bifurcation.
If the load capacity decreases after buckling then unstable
symmetric bifurcation.
ASYMMETRIC BIFURCATION
Post-buckling behavior that is asymmetric about load axis.
INSTABILITY FAILURE
There is no bifurcation of the load-deformation path. The

deformation stays in state-1 throughout
The structure stiffness decreases as the loads are increased.

The change is stiffness is due to large deformations and / or
material inelasticity.
The structure stiffness decreases to zero and becomes negative.

The load capacity is reached when the stiffness becomes zero.
Neutral equilibrium when stiffness becomes zero and unstable
equilibrium when stiffness is negative.
Structural stability failure when stiffness becomes negative.
INSTABILITY FAILURE
FAILURE OF BEAM-COLUMNS
P
K=0
K<0
P
No bifurcation.
Instability due to material
and geometric nonlinearity
INSTABILITY FAILURE
Snap-through buckling
P
Snap-through
INSTABILITY FAILURE
Shell Buckling failure very sensitive to imperfections

OUTLINE
METHODS OF STABILITY ANALYSES
Bifurcation approach consists of writing the equation of

equilibrium and solving it to determine the onset of buckling.
Energy approach consists of writing the equation expressing

the complete potential energy of the system. Analyzing this total
potential energy to establish equilibrium and examine stability of
the equilibrium state.
Dynamic approach consists of writing the equation of dynamic

equilibrium of the system. Solving the equation to determine the
natural frequency () of the system. Instability corresponds to
the reduction of to zero.
STABILITY ANALYSES
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. In fact,

you can use different methods to answer different questions
The bifurcation approach is appropriate for determining the

critical buckling load for a (perfect) system subjected to loads.
The deformations are usually assumed to be small.

The system must not have any imperfections.
It cannot provide any information regarding the post-buckling loaddeformation path.
The energy approach is the best when establishing the

equilibrium equation and examining its stability
The deformations can be small or large.

The system can have imperfections.
It provides information regarding the post-buckling path if large
deformations are assumed
The major limitation is that it requires the assumption of the
deformation state, and it should include all possible degrees of
freedom.
STABILITY ANALYSIS
The dynamic method is very powerful, but we will not use it in this class
at all.
Remember, it though when you take the course in dynamics or earthquake

engineering
In this class, you will learn that the loads acting on a structure change its
stiffness. This is significant you have not seen it before.
Ma
Ma
Mb
4E I
a
L
Mb
2E I
b
L
What happens when an axial load is acting on the beam.
The stiffness will no longer remain 4EI/L and 2EI/L.

Instead, it will decrease. The reduced stiffness will reduce the
natural frequency and period elongation.
You will see these in your dynamics and earthquake engineering
class.
STABILITY ANALYSIS
FOR ANY KIND OF BUCKLING OR STABILITY ANALYSIS

NEED TO DRAW THE FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE DEFORMED
STRUCTURE.
WRITE THE EQUATION OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM IN THE

DEFORMED STATE
WRITE THE ENERGY EQUATION IN THE DEFORMED STATE TOO.
THIS IS CENTRAL TO THE TOPIC OF STABILITY ANALYSIS
NO STABILITY ANALYSIS CAN BE PERFORMED IF THE FREE

BODY DIAGRAM IS IN THE UNDEFORMED STATE
BIFURCATION ANALYSIS
Always a small deflection analysis
To determine Pcr buckling load
Need to assume buckled shape (state 2) to calculate
Example 1 Rigid bar supported by rotational spring

k
Rigid bar subjected to axial force P

Rotationally restrained at end
Step 1 - Assume a deformed shape that activates all possible d.o.f.

L
k
L cos
L (1-cos)
L
k
L sin
L cos
L (1-cos)
Write the equation of static equilibrium in the deformed state
k P L sin 0
k
L sin
For small deformations sin
k k
Pcr
L L
P
Thus, the structure will be in static equilibrium in the deformed state

when P = Pcr = k/L
When P<Pcr, the structure will not be in the deformed state. The
structure will buckle into the deformed state when P=Pcr
Example 2 - Rigid bar supported by translational spring at end
P
k
L
Assume deformed state that activates all possible d.o.f.

Draw FBD in the deformed state
L
O
P
L sin
k L sin
L cos
L (1-cos)
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P
L sin
k L sin
L cos
L (1-cos)
(k L sin ) L P L sin 0
k L2 sin
P
L sin
For small deformations sin
k L2
Pcr
kL
L
Thus, the structure will be in static equilibrium in the deformed state
when P = Pcr = k L. When P<Pcr, the structure will not be in the deformed
Example 3 Three rigid bar system with two rotational springs
P
A
B
L

P
A
1 2)
L sin 1
L
B
1 2)
L sin 2
2
L
Assume small deformations. Therefore, sin=
Write equations of static equilibrium in deformed state
P
1
1 2)
L sin 1
1 2)
L sin 2
1 2)
2
L
C
k(22-1)
L sin 1
L sin 2
1+(1-2)
k(21-2)
k ( 21 2 ) P L sin 1 0
k (2 2 1 ) P L sin 2 0
k (21 2 ) P L 1 0
k (2 2 1 ) P L 2 0
Equations of Static Equilibrium

k (21 2 ) P L 1 0
k ( 2 2 1 ) P L 2 0
k
2k PL
k
2
k
PL
1 0

2 0
Therefore either 1 and 2 are equal to zero or the determinant of the

coefficient matrix is equal to zero.
When 1 and 2 are not equal to zero that is when buckling occurs
the coefficient matrix determinant has to be equal to zero for equil.
Take a look at the matrix equation. It is of the form [A] {x}={0}. It can
also be rewritten as [K]-[I]){x}={0}
2k

L
k
k

0
1
0
1
L P
0 1 0
2k
This is the classical eigenvalue problem. [K]-[I]){x}={0}.

We are searching for the eigenvalues () of the stiffness matrix [K].
These eigenvalues cause the stiffness matrix to become singular
Singular stiffness matrix means that it has a zero value, which means that
the determinant of the matrix is equal to zero.
2k PL
k
0
k
2k PL
(2k PL) 2 k 2 0
(2k PL k ) (2k PL k ) 0
(3k PL) (k PL) 0
3k
k
Pcr
or
L
L
Smallest value of Pcr will govern. Therefore, Pcr=k/L
Each eigenvalue or critical buckling load (Pcr) corresponds to a buckling shape

that can be determined as follows
Pcr=k/L. Therefore substitute in the equations to determine 1 and 2
k (21 2 ) P L 1 0
k (2 2 1 ) P L 2 0
Let P Pcr k
Let P Pcr k
L
k (21 2 ) k1 0
L
k (2 2 1 ) k 2 0
k1 k 2 0
k1 k 2 0
1 2
1 2
All we could find is the relationship between 1 and 2. Not their specific values.
Remember that this is a small deflection analysis. So, the values are
negligible. What we have found is the buckling shape not its magnitude.
P
The buckling
mode
is such that 1=2 Symmetric =buckling
modeD
A
1
L
B
Second eigenvalue was Pcr=3k/L. Therefore substitute in the equations to

determine 1 and 2
k (21 2 ) P L 1 0
k (2 2 1 ) P L 2 0
Let P Pcr 3k
Let P Pcr 3k
L
L
k (21 2 ) 3k1 0
k (2 2 1 ) 3k 2 0
k1 k 2 0
k1 k 2 0
1 2
1 2
All we could find is the relationship between 1 and 2. Not their specific values.
Remember that this is a small deflection analysis. So, the values are
negligible. What we have found is the bucklingCshape not its magnitude.
The buckling mode is such that 1=-2 AntisymmetricL buckling mode
P
2=-1
L
B
Homework No. 1
Problem 1.1
Problem 1.3
Problem 1.4
All problems from the textbook on Stability by W.F. Chen

OUTLINE
Bifurcation analysis examples small deflection analyses
Energy method

ENERGY METHOD
We will currently look at the use of the energy method for an

elastic system subjected to conservative forces.
Total potential energy of the system depends on the work
done by the external forces (We) and the strain energy stored in
the system (U).
=U - We.
For the system to be in equilibrium, its total potential energy
must be stationary. That is, the first derivative of must be
equal to zero.
Investigate higher order derivatives of the total potential energy
to examine the stability of the equilibrium state, i.e., whether the
equilibrium is stable or unstable
ENERGY METHD
The energy method is the best for establishing the equilibrium

equation and examining its stability
The deformations can be small or large.

The system can have imperfections.
It provides information regarding the post-buckling path if large
deformations are assumed
The major limitation is that it requires the assumption of the
deformation state, and it should include all possible degrees of
freedom.
ENERGY METHOD
Example 1 Rigid bar supported by rotational spring
Assume small deflection theory

k
Rigid bar subjected to axial force P

Rotationally restrained at end
Step 1 - Assume a deformed shape that activates all possible d.o.f.

L
k
L cos
L (1-cos)
ENERGY METHOD SMALL DEFLECTIONS

L
k
L sin
L cos
L (1-cos)
Write the equation representing the total potential energy of system

U We
1
U k2
2
We P L (1 cos )
1
k 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium;
0
d
Therefore ,
k P L sin 0
For small deflections; k P L 0
k
Therefore , Pcr
L
The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same load
Pcr as the bifurcation analysis method.
At Pcr, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.
Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the total

potential energy
This is a small deflection analysis. Hence will be zero.

In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of examine the stability of
the initial state-1 (when =0)
1
k 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k P L sin k P L
d
d2
k PL
2
d
When P Pcr
When P Pcr
When P Pcr
d2
d 2
d2
d 2
d2
d 2
0 Stable equilibrium
0 Unstable equilibrium
0 Not sure
In state-1, stable when P<Pcr, unstable when P>Pcr
No idea about state during buckling.
No idea about post-buckling equilibrium path or its stability.

P
Unstable
Indeterminate
Pcr
Stable
ENERGY METHOD LARGE DEFLECTIONS
Example 1 Large deflection analysis (rigid bar with rotational spring)

U We
1
U k2
L
2
We P L (1 cos )
k
1
k 2 P L (1 cos )
2
L cos
d
k P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium;
0
d
Therefore ,
k P L sin 0
k
Therefore ,
P
for equilibrium
L sin
The post buckling P relationsh ip is given above
P
L sin
L (1-cos)
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below

The load carrying capacity increases after buckling at Pcr
Pcr is where 0
k
for equilibrium
L sin
P
Pcr sin
P
Large deflection analysis Examine the stability of equilibrium using

higher order derivatives of
1
k 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k P L sin
d
d2
k P L cos
d 2
k
But , P
L sin
d2
k
L cos
L sin
d 2
d2
k
(
1
)
tan
d 2
d2
0 Always (i.e., all values of )

d 2
Always STABLE
d2
But ,
0 for 0
2
d
At =0, the second derivative of =0. Therefore, inconclusive.
Consider the Taylor series expansion of at =0
d
1 d2
1 d3
1 d4
1 dn
2
3
4

.....
n
2
3
4
n
d 0
2! d 0
3! d 0
4! d 0
n! d 0
Determine the first non-zero term of ,
1
k 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k P L sin
d
d2
k P L cos
d 2
d3
P L sin
d 3
d4
P L cos
d 4
0 0
d
0
d 0
d2
0
d 2 0
1 d4
1
4
k4 0
4
4! d 0
24
d3
P L sin 0
d 3 0
d4
P L cos PL k
d 4 0
Since the first non-zero term is > 0, the state is stable at P=Pcr and =0
STABL
E
STABL
E
STABL
E
ENERGY METHOD IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
Consider example 1 but as a system with imperfections
The initial imperfection given by the angle 0 as shown below

0
L cos(0)
The free body diagram of the deformed system is shown below

L
k(
P
L sin
0
L cos
L (cos0-cos)

L
k(
L sin
U We
1
k ( 0 ) 2
2
We P L (cos 0 cos )
U
L cos
1
k ( 0 ) 2 P L (cos 0 cos )
2
d
k ( 0 ) P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium;
0
d
Therefore ,
k ( 0 ) P L sin 0
k ( 0 )
for equilibrium
L sin
The equilibrium P relationsh ip is given above
Therefore ,
L (cos0-cos)

P
k ( 0 )
L sin
P 0
Pcr
sin
P relationsh ips for different values of 0 shown below :
ENERGY METHODS IMPERFECT SYSTEMS
As shown in the figure, deflection starts as soon as loads are

applied. There is no bifurcation of load-deformation path for
imperfect systems. The load-deformation path remains in the
same state through-out.
The smaller the imperfection magnitude, the close the loaddeformation paths to the perfect system load deformation path
The magnitude of load, is influenced significantly by the

imperfection magnitude.
All real systems have imperfections. They may be very small but
will be there
The magnitude of imperfection is not easy to know or guess.

Hence if a perfect system analysis is done, the results will be
close for an imperfect system with small imperfections
Examine the stability of the imperfect system using higher order

derivatives of
1
2
k ( 0 ) P L (cos 0 cos )
d
k ( 0 ) P L sin
d
d2
k P L cos
d 2
Equilibrium path will be stable
d2
if
0
2
d
i.e., if k P L cos 0
k
i.e., if P
L cos
k ( 0 )
k
i.e., if
L sin
L cos
i.e., 0 tan
Which is always true, hence always in STABLE EQUILIBRIUM

Example 2 - Rigid bar supported by translational spring at end
P
k
L

L
O
P
L sin
k L sin
L cos
L (1-cos)

U We
1
1
k ( L sin ) 2 k L2 2
2
2
We P L (1 cos )
U
L sin
O
1
k L2 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k L2 P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium;
0
d
Therefore ,
k L2 P L sin 0
For small deflections; k L2 P L 0
Therefore , Pcr k L
k L sin
L cos
L (1-cos)
The energy method predicts that buckling will occur at the same
load Pcr as the bifurcation analysis method.
At Pcr, the system will be in equilibrium in the deformed.

Examine the stability by considering further derivatives of the
total potential energy
This is a small deflection analysis. Hence will be zero.

In this type of analysis, the further derivatives of examine the
stability of the initial state-1 (when =0)
1
k L2 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k L2 P L sin
d
d2
k L2 P L cos
2
d
For small deflections and 0
d
2
k
L
P L
2
d
2
When, P k L
When, P k L
When P kL
d2
0 STABLE
2
d
d2
0 UNSTABLE
d 2
d2
0 INDETERMINATE
d 2

U We
1
U k ( L sin ) 2
2
We P L (1 cos )
L sin
O
1
k L2 sin 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k L2 sin cos P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium;
0
d
Therefore ,
k L2 sin cos P L sin 0
Therefore ,
P k L cos for equilibrium
The post buckling P relationsh ip is given above
L cos
L (1-cos)
Large deflection analysis
See the post-buckling load-displacement path shown below

The load carrying capacity decreases after buckling at Pcr
Pcr is where 0
P k L cos
P
cos
Pcr
for equilibrium
Large deflection analysis Examine the stability of equilibrium using

higher order derivatives of
1
k L2 sin 2 P L (1 cos )
2
d
k L2 sin cos P L sin
d
d2
k L2 cos 2 P L cos
2
d
For equilibrium P k L cos
d2
d 2
d2
d 2
d2
d 2
d2
d 2
k L2 cos 2 k L2 cos 2
k L2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) k L2 cos 2
k L2 sin 2
0
ALWAYS . HENCE UNSTABLE
At =0, the second derivative of =0. Therefore, inconclusive.
Consider the Taylor series expansion of at =0
d
1 d2
1 d3
1 d4
1 dn
2
3
4

.....
n
2
3
4
n
d 0
2! d 0
3! d 0
4! d 0
n! d 0
Determine the first non-zero term of ,

1
k L2 sin 2 P L (1 cos ) 0
2
d 1
k L2 sin 2 P L sin 0
d
2
d2
2
k
L
cos 2 P L cos 0
2
d
d3
2k L2 sin 2 P L sin 0
3
d
d4
2
4
k
L
cos 2 P L cos
4
d
d4
2
2
2
4
k
L
k
L
3
k
L
d 4
d4
0
4
d
UNSTABLE at 0 when buckling occurs
Since the first non-zero term is < 0, the state is unstable at P=Pcr and =
UNSTABL
E
UNSTABL
E
UNSTABLE
ENERGY METHOD - IMPERFECTIONS
Consider example 2 but as a system with imperfections
The initial imperfection given by the angle 0 as shown below

0
k
L cos(0)
The free body diagram of the deformed system is shown below

L
P
L sin
L sin
L cos
L (cos0-cos)

L
P
L sin
U We
1
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) 2
2
We P L (cos 0 cos )
U
L cos
1
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) 2 P L (cos 0 cos )
2
d
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) cos P L sin
d
d
For equilibrium;
0
d
Therefore ,
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) cos P L sin 0
sin 0
) for equilibrium
sin
The equilibrium P relationsh ip is given above
Therefore ,
P k L cos (1
L sin
L (cos0-cos)

P k L cos (1
sin 0
)
sin
P
sin 0
cos (1
)
Pcr
sin
sin
dP
0 k L( sin 2 0 ) 0 sin 0 sin 3
d
sin
k L cos 3
Envelope of peak
Pmax
Pmax
loads Pmax
As shown in the figure, deflection starts as soon as loads are

applied. There is no bifurcation of load-deformation path for
imperfect systems. The load-deformation path remains in the
same state through-out.
The smaller the imperfection magnitude, the close the loaddeformation paths to the perfect system load deformation path.
The magnitude of load, is influenced significantly by the

imperfection magnitude.
All real systems have imperfections. They may be very small but
will be there
The magnitude of imperfection is not easy to know or guess.

Hence if a perfect system analysis is done, the results will be
close for an imperfect system with small imperfections.
However, for an unstable system the effects of imperfections

may be too large.
Examine the stability of the imperfect system using higher order

derivatives of 1 k L (sin sin ) P L (cos cos )
2
d
k L2 (sin sin 0 ) cos P L sin
d
d2
k L2 (cos 2 sin 0 sin ) P L cos
2
d
sin 0
For equilibrium P k L 1
sin
sin 0
d2
2
2
k
L
(cos
2
sin
sin
k
L
1
cos 2
0
2
sin
d
sin 0 cos 2
d2
2
2
2
2
k L cos sin sin 0 sin cos
sin
d 2
sin 0 cos 2
d2
2
2
k L sin sin 0 sin
sin
d 2
3
2
2
d2
2 sin sin 0 (sin cos )
kL
sin
d 2
3
d2
2 sin sin 0
kL
sin
d 2

3
d2
2 sin sin 0
kL
sin
d 2
d2
0 when P Pmax Stable
d 2
d2
0 when P Pmax Unstable
d 2
P k L cos (1
When P Pmax
sin 0
)
sin
k L cos (1
Pmax k L cos 3
and
sin 0
) k L cos 3
sin
sin 0
cos 2
sin
sin 0
1
1 sin 2
sin
1
sin 0 sin
3
and
3
d2
2 sin 0 sin
k L
0
sin
d 2
When P Pmax
k L cos (1
sin 0
) k L cos 3
sin
sin 0
cos 2
sin
sin 0
1
1 sin 2
sin
1
sin 0 sin
3
and
3
d2
2 sin 0 sin
k L
0
sin
d 2
Chapter 2. Second-Order Differential Equations
This chapter focuses on deriving second-order differential

equations governing the behavior of elastic members
2.1 First order differential equations
2.2 Second-order differential equations
2.1 First-Order Differential Equations
Governing the behavior of structural members
Elastic, Homogenous, and Isotropic

Strains and deformations are really small small deflection theory
Equations of equilibrium in undeformed state
Consider the behavior of a beam subjected to bending and axial

forces
Assume tensile forces are positive and moments are positive

according to the right-hand rule
Longitudinal stress due to bending
My
P Mx
y
x
A Ix
Iy
This is true when the x-y axis system is
a centroidal and principal axis system.
y dA x dA x y dA 0
A
dA A;
A
Centroidal axis
2
x
dA I y ;
A
2
y
dA I x
A
I x and I y are principal moment of inertia
My
P Mx
y
x
A Ix
Iy
My
Mx
P
y
x
The corresponding strain is
A E E Ix
E Iy
If P=My=0, then
Mx
y
E Ix
Plane-sections remain plane and

perpendicular to centroidal axis before and
after bending
The measure of bending is curvature which
denotes thechange in the slope of the
tan y axis between two point dz apart
centroidal
y
For small deformations tan y y
y
Mx
y
E Ix
M x E I x y
y
and similarly M y E I y x
Shear Stresses due to bending
Vy
Ix
y t ds
Vx s
t x t ds
Iy O
Differential equations of bending
Assume principle of superposition
Treat forces and deformations in y-z and x-z

plane seperately
Both the end shears and qy act in a plane
parallel to the y-z plane through the shear
center S
dV y
q y
dz
dM x
Vy
dz
d 2M x
q y
2
dz
d 2 (E I x y )
q y
dz 2
E I x y q y
Differential equations of bending

E I x y q y
1 (v)
2 3/ 2
For small deflections

y v
E I x v iv q y
Similarly E I y u iv q x
u deflection in positive x direction
v deflection in positive y direction
Fourth-order differential equations using firstorder force-deformation theory
Torsion behavior Pure and Warping Torsion
Torsion behavior uncoupled from bending behavior
Thin walled open cross-section subjected to torsional moment
This moment will cause twisting and warping of the cross-section.

The cross-section will undergo pure and warping torsion behavior.
Pure torsion will produce only shear stresses in the section
Warping torsion will produce both longitudinal and shear stresses
The internal moment produced by the pure torsion response will be
equal to Msv and the internal moment produced by the warping
torsion response will be equal to Mw.
The external moment will be equilibriated by the produced internal
moments
MZ=MSV + MW
Pure and Warping Torsion

MZ=MSV + MW
Where,
MSV = G KT
MSV = Pure or Saint Venants torsion moment
KT = J = Torsional constant =
is the angle of twist of the cross-section. It is a function of z.
and
MW = - E Iw "
IW is the warping moment of inertia of the cross-section. This is a

new cross-sectional property you may not have seen before.
MZ = G KT - E Iw " (3), differential equation of torsion
Pure Torsion Differential Equation
Lets look closely at pure or Saint Venants torsion. This occurs when
the warping of the cross-section is unrestrained or absent
dz r d
d
r
r
dz
G r
M SV r dA G r 2 dA
A
M SV G K T
where, K T J r 2 dA
A
For a circular cross-section warping is absent. For thin-walled open

cross-sections, warping will occur.
The out of plane warping deformation w can be calculated using an

equation I will not show.
Pure Torsion Stresses

The torsional shear stresses vary linearly about the center of the thin
plate
SV G r
SV max G t
sv
Warping deformations
The warping produced by pure torsion can be restrained by the:

(a) end conditions, or (b) variation in the applied torsional
moment (non-uniform moment)
The restraint to out-of-plane warping deformations will produce

longitudinal stresses (w) , and their variation along the length
will produce warping shear stresses (w) .
Warping Torsion Differential Equation
Lets take a look at an approximate derivation of the warping

torsion differential equation.
This is valid only for I and C shaped sections.

h
2
where u f flange lateral displacement
uf
M f moment in the flange

V f Shear force in the flange
E I f u f M f
borrowing d .e. of bending
E I f u f V f
MW Vf h
M W E I f u f h
MW
MW
h2
E I f

2
E I W
where I W is warping moment of inertia new sec tion property
Torsion Differential Equation Solution
Torsion differential equation MZ=MSV+MW = G KT - E IW
This differential equation is for the case of concentrated torque

G K T E I w M Z
G KT
M
Z
E IW
E IW
MZ

E IW
2
C1 C 2 cosh z C 3 sinh z
Mz z
2 E I W
Torsion differential equation for the case of distributed torque

dM Z
dz
G K T E I w iv m Z
mZ
G KT
m
iv
Z
E IW
E IW
iv 2
mz z 2
C 4 C 5 z C 6 cosh z C 7 sinh z
2 G KT
mZ
E IW
The coefficients C1 .... C6 can be obtained using end conditions
Torsion Differential Equation Solution

0
Torsionally fixed end conditions are given by
These imply that twisting and warping at the fixed end are fully
restrained. Therefore, equal to zero.
Torsionally pinned or simply-supported end conditions given by:
These imply that at the pinned end twisting is fully restrained ( =0) and
warping is unrestrained or free. Therefore, W =0 =0
Torsionally free end conditions given by = = = 0
These imply that at the free end, the section is free to warp and there
are no warping normal or shear stresses.
Results for various torsional loading conditions given in the AISC

Design Guide 9 can be obtained from my private site
Warping Torsion Stresses
Restraint to warping produces longitudinal and shear stresses

W E Wn
W t E SW
where,
Wn Normalized Unit Warping Section Pr operty
SW Warping Statical Moment Section Pr operty
The variation of these stresses over the section is defined by the

section property Wn and Sw
The variation of these stresses along the length of the beam is defined
by the derivatives of
Note that a major difference between bending and torsional behavior is
The stress variation along length for torsion is defined by derivatives of ,

which cannot be obtained using force equilibrium.
The stress variation along length for bending is defined by derivatives of v,
which can be obtained using force equilibrium (M, V diagrams).
Torsional Stresses
Torsional Stresses
Torsional Section Properties for I and C Shapes
and derivatives for concentrated torque at midspan
Summary of first order differential equations

E I x v M x
E I y u M y
(1)
G K T E I W M z
(3)
(2)
NOTES:
(1) Three uncoupled differential equations
(2) Elastic material first order force-deformation theory
(3) Small deflections only
(4) Assumes no influence of one force on other deformations
(5) Equations of equilibrium in the undeformed state.
HOMEWORK # 3
Consider the 22 ft. long simply-supported W18x65 wide flange beam

shown in Figure 1 below. It is subjected to a uniformly distributed load
of 1k/ft that is placed with an eccentricity of 3 in. with respect to the
centroid (and shear center).
At the mid-span and the end support cross-sections, calculate the

magnitude and distribution of:
Normal and shear stresses due to bending

Shear stresses due to pure torsion
Warping normal and shear stresses over the cross-section.
Provide sketches and tables of the individual normal and shear stress
distributions for each case.
Superimpose the bending and torsional stress-states to determine the

magnitude and location of maximum stresses.
HOMEWORK # 2
22 ft.
Span
3in.
W18x65
Cross-section
Chapter 2. Second-Order Differential Equations
This chapter focuses on deriving second-order differential

equations governing the behavior of elastic members
2.1 First order differential equations
2.2 Second-order differential equations
2.2 Second-Order Differential Equations
Governing the behavior of structural members
Elastic, Homogenous, and Isotropic

Strains and deformations are really small small deflection theory
Equations of equilibrium in deformed state
The deformations and internal forces are no longer independent.
They must be combined to consider effects.
Consider the behavior of a member subjected to combined axial

forces and bending moments at the ends. No torsional forces
are applied explicitly because that is very rare for CE
structures.
Member model and loading conditions
Member is initially straight and prismatic.

It has a thin-walled open cross-section
Member ends are pinned and prevented

from translation.
The forces are applied only at the

member ends
These consist only of axial and bending

moment forces P, MTX, MTY, MBX, MBY
Assume elastic behavior with small

deflections
Right-hand rule for positive moments and

reactions and P assumed positive.
Member displacements (cross-sectional)
Consider the middle line of thinwalled cross-section
x and y are principal coordinates

through centroid C
Q is any point on the middle line.

It has coordinates (x, y).
Shear center S coordinates are

(xo, y0)
Shear center S displacements

are u, v, and
Member displacements (cross-sectional)
Displacements of Q are:
uQ = u + a sin
vQ = v a cos
where a is the distance from Q to S
But, sin = (y0-y) / a
cos = (x0-x) / a
Therefore, displacements of Q are:

uQ = u + (y0-y)
vQ = v (x0 x)
Displacements of centroid C are:

uc = u + (y0)
vc = v - (x0)
Internal forces second-order effects
Consider the free body diagrams of

the member in the deformed state.
Look at the deformed state in the x-z

and y-z planes in this Figure.
The internal resisting moment at a

distance z from the lower end are:
Mx = - MBX + Ry z + P vc
My = - MBY + Rx z - P uc
The end reactions Rx and Ry are:

Rx = (MTY + MBY) / L
Ry = (MTX + MBX) / L
Internal forces second-order effects
Therefore,
z
M TX M BX P v x0
L
z
M TY M BY P u y0
L
M x M BX
M y M BY
Internal forces in the deformed state

In the deformed state, the cross-section is such that the principal
coordinate systems are changed from x-y-z to the system
uc
vc
z
y
MBx
Ry
MBY
uc
vc
Rx
M +d
Mx
Rx
My
Ry
Internal forces in the deformed state
The internal forces Mx and My must be transformed to these new

axes
Since the angle is small
MMx + My
M = M y Mx
z
M TX M BX P v x0
L
z
M TY M BY P u y0
L
M x M BX
M y M BY
M M BX
z
M TX M BX P v P x0 M BY z M TY M BY
L
L
M M BY
z
M TY M BY P u P y0 M BX z M TX M BX
L
L
Twisting component of internal forces
Twisting moments M are produced by the internal and external

forces
There are four components contributing to the total M

(1) Contribution from Mx and My M
(2) Contribution from axial force P M
(3) Contribution from normal stress M
(4) Contribution from end reactions Rx and Ry M
The total twisting moment M = M + M + M + M
Twisting component 1 of 4
Twisting moment due to Mx & My
M = Mx sin (du/dz) + Mysin (dv/dz)
Therefore, due to small angles, M = Mx du/dz + My dv/dz
M = Mx u + My v
The axial load P acts along the original vertical direction

In the deformed state of the member, the longitudinal axis is not
vertical. Hence P will have components producing shears.
These components will act at the centroid where P acts and will have
values as shown above assuming small angles
These shears will act at the centroid C, which is eccentric with

respect to the shear center S. Therefore, they will produce
secondary twisting.
M = P (y0 du/dz x0 dv/dz)
Therefore, M = P (y0 u x0 v)
The end reactions (shears) Rx and Ry act at the shear center S

at the ends. But, along the member ends, the shear center will
move by u, v, and .
Hence, these reactions will also have a twisting effect produced

by their eccentricity with respect to the shear center S.
M + Ry u + Rx v = 0
Therefore,
M = (MTY + MBY) v/L (MTX + MBX) u/L
Wagners effect or contribution

complicated.
Two cross-sections that are d
apart will warp with respect to
each other.
The stress element dA will
become inclined by angle (a
d/d with respect to d axis.
Twist produced by each stress
element about S is equal to
d
dM 3 a dA a
d
d
M 3
a 2 dA
d A
Let , a 2 dA K
A
d
d
d
K
for small angles
dz
M 3 K
M 3
Let , a 2 dA K
A
d
d
d
K
for small angles
dz
M 3 K
M 3
Total Twisting Component
M = M + M + M + M
M = Mx u + My v
M = P (y0 u x0 v)
M= -K
Therefore,
MMx u + My v+ P (y0 u x0 v) (MTY + MBY) v/L (MTX + MBX) u/L-K

While,
z
z
M M BX M TX M BX P v P x0 M BY M TY M BY
L
L
M M BY
z
M TY M BY P u P y0 M BX z M TX M BX
L
L
Total Twisting Component
M = M + M + M + M
M = Mx u + My v
M = P (y0 u x0 v)
M= -K
Therefore,
v
u
M TX M BX K
L
L
v
u
M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K
L
L
M M x u M y v P y0 u x0 v M TY M BY
M ( M x P y0 ) u ( M y P x0 ) v ( M TY
z
( M BX M TX ) P (v x0 )
L
z
( M BY M TY ) P (u y0 )
L
But , M x M BX
and , M y M BY
z
z
( M BX M TX ) P y0 ) u ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) v
L
L
v
u
M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K
L
L
M ( M BX
( M TY
Internal moments about the axes
Thus, now we have the internal moments about the axes for the
deformed member cross-section.
M M BX
z
z
M TX M BX P v P x0 M BY M TY M BY
L
L
z
z
MTY
P
u
P
y
MTX
M BX
M
M
TX+MBY
BX
0
BX
TY +M
BY
L
L
z
z
M ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 ) u ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) v
L
L
v
u
( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K
L
L
M M BY
x
z
Internal Moment Deformation Relations
The internal moments M, M, and M will still produce flexural bending

about the centroidal principal axis and twisting about the shear center.
The flexural bending about the principal axes will produce

linearly varying longitudinal stresses.
The torsional moment will produce longitudinal and shear

stresses due to warping and pure torsion.
The differential equations relating moments to deformations are

still valid. Therefore,
M = - E I v ..(I = Ix)
M = E I u ..(I= Iy)
M = G KT E Iw
Internal Moment Deformation Relations

Therefore,
M E I x v M BX
z
z
M TX M BX P v P x0 M BY M TY M BY
L
L
z
z
M TX
P
u
P
y
M
M
MTX
BX
0
BX
TY +MBY
TY+MBY
BX
L
L
z
M G KT E I w ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 ) u
L
z
v
u
( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) v ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) K
L
L
L
M E I y u M BY
Second-Order Differential Equations

You end up with three coupled differential equations that relate
the applied forces and moments to the deformations u, v, and .
Therefore,
E I x v P v P x0 M BY
z
z
M TY M BY M BX M TX M BX
L
L
z
z
E I y u P u P y0 M BX M
MM
+M
M BYB M BY MTY
MBYBX
+M
TYTX
TX+M
TX
B
L
L
X
Xz
E I w (G KT K ) u ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 )
L
z
v
u
v ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) 0
L
L
L
These differential equations can be used to investigate the elastic
behavior and buckling of beams, columns, beam-columns and
also complete frames that will form a major part of this course.
Chapter 3. Structural Columns
3.1 Elastic Buckling of Columns
3.2 Elastic Buckling of Column Systems Frames
3.3 Inelastic Buckling of Columns
3.4 Column Design Provisions (U.S. and Abroad)
3.1 Elastic Buckling of Columns
Start out with the second-order differential equations derived in

Chapter 2. Substitute P=P and MTY = MBY = MTX = MBX = 0
Therefore, the second-order differential equations simplify to:

1
2
3
E I x v P v P x0 0
E I y u P u P y0 0
E I w (G KT K ) u ( P y0 ) v ( P x0 ) 0
This is all great, but before we proceed any further we need to

deal with Wagners effect which is a little complicated.
Wagners effect for columns

K a 2 dA
A
where,
P M y M x
E Wn
A
Ix
Iy
M P (v x0 )
M P (u y0 )
P P (v x0 ) y P (u y0 ) x
E Wn a 2 dA
A
Ix
Iy
P P (v x0 ) y P (u y0 ) x

E Wn a 2 dA
A
Ix
Iy
Neglecting higher order terms; K
P
a 2 dA
A A
Wagners effect for columns

But , a 2 ( x0 x ) 2 ( y0 y ) 2
a 2 dA ( x0 x) 2 ( y0 y ) 2 dA
A
a 2 dA x02 y02 x 2 y 2 2 x0 x 2 y0 y dA
A
a 2 dA x02 y02
A
dA x dA y dA 2 x x dA 2 y y dA
2
a 2 dA ( x02 y02 ) A I x I y
A
Finally ,
P
( x02 y02 ) A I x I y
A
I x I y
K P ( x02 y02 )

A
I x I y
2
2
2
Let r0 ( x0 y0 )
K P r02
Second-order differential equations for columns
Simplify to:
1
2
3
E I x v P v P x0 0
E I y u P u P y0 0
E I w ( P r02 G KT ) u ( P y0 ) v ( P x0 ) 0
Where
r0 x y
2
2
0
2
0
Ix I y
A
Column buckling doubly symmetric section
For a doubly symmetric section, the shear center is located at the

centroid xo= y0 = 0. Therefore, the three equations become uncoupled
1
2
3
E I x v P v 0
E I y u P u 0
E I w ( P r02 G KT ) 0
Take two derivatives of the first two equations and one more derivative
of the third equation.
1
E I x v iv P v 0
E I y u iv P u 0
P
Let , Fv2
E Ix
E I w iv ( P r02 G KT ) 0
P
Fu2
E Iy
2
P
r
G KT
F2 0
E Iw

1
v iv Fv2 v 0
u iv Fu2 u 0
iv F2 0
All three equations are similar and of the fourth order. The
solution will be of the form C1 sin z + C2 cos z + C3 z + C4
Need four boundary conditions to evaluate the constant C1..C4
For the simply supported case, the boundary conditions are:

u= u=0; v= v=0; = =0
Lets solve one differential equation the solution will be valid for
all three.

v iv Fv2 v 0
Solution is
v C1 sin Fv z C2 cos Fv z C3 z C4
v C1 Fv2 sin Fv z C2 Fv2 cos Fv z
The coefficient matrix 0
Boundary conditions :
v(0) v(0) v( L) v( L) 0
Fv2 sin Fv L 0
sin Fv L 0
C2 C4 0
C2 0
L L v (0) 0
L L v(0) 0
C1 sin Fv L C2 cos Fv L C3 L C4
L L v( L) 0
L L v( L) 0
C1 Fv2 sin Fv L C2 Fv2 cos Fv L
0
0
sin Fv L
Fv2 sin Fv L
1
1
cos Fv L
Fv2 cos Fv L
0
0
L
0
1
0
1
0
C 1
C 2
C
3
C 4
0
0
0

0
Fv L n
Fv
P
n
E Ix
L
n2 2
Px 2 E I x
L
Smallest value of n 1:
2 E Ix
Px
L2

sin Fu L 0
Similarly,
sin F L 0
Fu L n
F L n
Similarly ,
Fu
P
n
E Iy
L
n2 2
Py 2 E I y
L
Summary
n2 2
1
P
E I w G KT 2
2
L
r0
2 E Iy
Py
L2
2 E Ix
Px
L2
2 E Iy
Py
L2
2 E Iw
1
P
G
K
T
2
L2
r0
P r02 G KT n
E Iw
L
n2 2
1
P
E I w G KT 2
2
L
r0
1
Thus, for a doubly symmetric cross-section, there are three distinct

buckling loads Px, Py, and Pz.
The corresponding buckling modes are:

v = C1 sin(z/L), u =C2 sin(z/L), and = C3 sin(z/L).
These are, flexural buckling about the x and y axes and torsional
buckling about the z axis.
As you can see, the three buckling modes are uncoupled. You must
compute all three buckling load values.
The smallest of three buckling loads will govern the buckling of the
column.
Column buckling boundary conditions

Consider the case of fix-fix boundary conditions:
viv Fv2 v 0
Solution is
v C1 Fv cos Fv z C2 Fv sin Fv z C3
Boundary conditions :
v(0) v(0) v( L) v( L) 0
C2 C 4 0
The coefficient matrix 0

Fv L sin Fv L 2 cos Fv L 2 0
2 sin
L v(0) 0
L v(0) 0
C1 Fv C3 0
C1 sin Fv L C2 cos Fv L C3 L C4 L v( L ) 0
C1 Fv cos Fv L C2 Fv sin Fv L C3 L v( L) 0
0
Fv
sin Fv L
Fv cos Fv L
1
0
cos Fv L
Fv sin Fv L
0
1
L
1
1
0
1
0
C 1
C 2
C
3
C 4
0
0
0

0
Fv L
Fv L
Fv L
F
L
cos
2sin
0
v
2
2
2
Fv L
n
2
2 n
Fv
L
4 n2 2
Px
E Ix
L2
Px
2 E Ix
0.5 L
2 E Ix
K L
Column Boundary Conditions
The critical buckling loads for columns with different boundary

conditions can be expressed as:
Px
2 E Ix
Kx L
Py
2 E Iy
K L
2 E I
w
K z L
1
G KT
2
r0
Where, Kx, Ky, and Kz are functions of the boundary conditions:
K=1 for simply supported boundary conditions
K=0.5 for fix-fix boundary conditions
K=0.7 for fix-simple boundary conditions
Column buckling example.
Consider a wide flange column W27 x 84. The boundary conditions are:
v=v=u=u===0 at z=0, and v=v=u=u===0 at z=L
For flexural buckling about the x-axis simply supported Kx=1.0
For flexural buckling about the y-axis fixed at both ends Ky = 0.5
For torsional buckling about the z-axis pin-fix at two ends - K z=0.7
Px
2 E Ix
Kx L
Py
2 E Iy
K L
2 E A rx 2
Kx L
2 E A ry 2
K L
2 E A
L
K
x
rx
2 E A ry
2
L rx
Ky
rx
2 E I
w
K z L
G KT
2
E Iw
G KT
2
2
r0
K L
z rx
rx2
rx2 I x I y

Px
2 E A
1
2 E
5823.066

2
2
2
PY
A Y
L L
L
Y K x
Kx

r
r
x
x rx
2
2
2
Py
2 E A (ry / rx ) E (ry / rx )
791.02
2
2
2
PY
A Y
L L
L
Y K y
Ky

r
x
rx rx
2
E Iw
A
1
2
G
K
r
T
x
2
r2 I I
PY
A Y
L
x
x
y
K
z rx
P 2 E I w
1
2

G
K
r
T x
2
PY
rx2 I x I y Y
K z
rx

P
PY
578.26
L

rx
0.2333

Flexural buckling
about y-axis
Flexural buckling
about x-axis
Yield load PY
Cannot be exceeded
Torsional buckling about

z-axis governs
Torsional buckling
about z-axis
Flexural buckling about
y-axis governs
When L is such that L/rx < 31; torsional buckling will govern
rx = 10.69 in. Therefore, L/rx = 31 L=338 in.=28 ft.
Typical column length =10 15 ft. Therefore, typical L/r x= 11.2 16.8
Therefore elastic torsional buckling will govern.
But, the predicted load is much greater than PY. Therefore, inelastic
buckling will govern.
Summary Typically must calculate all three buckling load values to

determine which one governs. However, for common steel buildings
made using wide flange sections the minor (y-axis) flexural buckling
usually governs.
In this problem, the torsional buckling governed because the end

conditions for minor axis flexural buckling were fixed. This is very
rarely achieved in common building construction.
Column Buckling Singly Symmetric Columns
Well, what if the column has only one axis of symmetry. Like the xaxis or the y-axis or so.
As shown in this figure, the y axis

is the axis of symmetry.
The shear center S will be located

on this axis.
Therefore x0= 0.
The differential equations will

simplify to:
E I x v P v 0
E I y u P u P y0 0
E I w ( P r02 G KT ) u ( P y0 ) 0
The first equation for flexural buckling about the x-axis (axis of
non-symmetry) becomes uncoupled.
E I x v P v 0 L L (1)
E I x v P v 0
Equations (2) and (3) are still

coupled in terms of u and .
iv
v iv Fv 2 v 0
where, Fv 2
P
E Ix
Boundary conditions
sin Fv L 0
2 E Ix
Px
( K x Lx ) 2
Buckling mod v C1 sin Fv z
E I y u P u P y0 0
E I w ( P r02 G KT ) u ( P y0 ) 0
These equations will be satisfied by

the solutions of the form
u=C2 sin (z/L) and =C3 sin (z/L)

E I y u P u P y0 0
L L L (2)
E I w ( P r02 G KT ) u ( P y0 ) 0L L L (3)
E I y u iv P u P y0 0
E I w iv ( P r02 G KT ) u ( P y0 ) 0
z
z
; C3 sin
L
L
Therefore, substituting these in equations 2 and 3
Let ,
u C2 sin
4
z
z
z

E I y C2 sin
P C2 sin
P y0 C3 sin
0
L
L
L
L
L
L

4
z
z

E I w C3 sin
( P r02 G KT ) C3 sin
P
L
L
L
L
y0
L
C2 sin
z
0
L

E I y P C2 P y0 C3 0
L

and E I w ( P r02 G KT ) C3 P y0 C2 0
L
2 E Iy
Let , Py
L2
and
2 E Iw
1
P
G
K
T
2
2
L
r0
Py P C2 P y0 C3 0
P P r02C3 P y0 C2 0
Py P
P y0
P y0 C 2
0
( P P ) r02 C 3
Py P
P y0
P y0
( P P ) r02

( Py P)( P P) r02 P 2 y02 0
Py P P ( Py P ) P 2 r02 P 2 y02 0
P 2 (1
2
0
2
0
y
) P ( Py P ) Py P 0
r
y02
( Py P ) ( Py P ) 4 Py P (1 2 )
r0
P
y02
2 (1 2 )
r0
2
y02
4 Py P (1 2 )
r0
( Py P ) ( Py P ) 2 1
( Py P ) 2
P
2
y
2 (1 02 )
r0
y02
4 Py P (1 2 )
( Py P )
r0
P
1
y02
( Py P ) 2
2 (1 2 )
r0
Thus, there are two roots for P

Smaller value will govern
y02
4 Py P (1 2 )
( Py P )
r0
P P
1
y02
( Py P ) 2
2 (1 2 )
r0
The critical buckling load will the lowest of Px and the two roots
shown on the previous slide.
If the flexural torsional buckling load govern, then the buckling

mode will be C2 sin (z/L) x C3 sin (z/L)
This buckling mode will include both flexural and torsional

deformations hence flexural-torsional buckling mode.
Column Buckling Asymmetric Section
No axes of symmetry: Therefore, shear center S (xo, yo) is such that

neither xo not yo are zero.
E I x v P v P x0 0
E I y u P u P y0 0
K K K K K K K K K K K (1)
K K K K K K K K K K K (2)
E I w ( P r02 G KT ) u ( P y0 ) v ( P x0 ) 0
K (3)
For simply supported boundary conditions: (u, u, v, v, , =0), the

solutions to the differential equations can be assumed to be:
u = C1sin (z/L)
v = C2 sin (z/L)
= C3 sin (z/L)
These solutions will satisfy the boundary conditions noted above

Substitute the solutions into the d.e. and assume that it satisfied too:
2

z
E I x C1 sin
2

z
E I y C2 sin

z
E I w C3 cos
z
P x0 C3 sin

z
P C2 sin
L

z
P y0 C3 sin

0
0
z
2
( P r0 G KT ) C3 cos P y0
L
L
E Ix P
0

z
P C1 sin
L

P x0
P x0
0

L
E Iy P
P y0
C1
z
cos
L
L
z
P x0 C2 cos
L L
P y0
2
E I w ( P r0 G K T )
z

L
z
C2 sin
z
C3 cos
L
L
C1 sin
P P
x
0
Py P
P x0
P y0
z

L
z
C2 sin
z
C3 cos
L
L
C1 sin
P x0

P y0
P P r02

where,

Px
L
Py
L
EI x
EI y
2 E Iw
1
P
G
K
T
2
2
L
r0
Either C1, C2, C3 = 0 (no buckling), or the determinant of the coefficient

matrix =0 at buckling.
Therefore, determinant of the coefficient matrix is:

y 2
x 2
2
2
o
P Px P Py P P P P Px 2 P P Py o2 0
ro
ro

P Px P Py
y 2
x 2
2
o
P P P P Px 2 P P Py o2 0
r
o
ro
This is the equation for predicting buckling of a column with an

asymmetric section.
The equation is cubic in P. Hence, it can be solved to obtain three

roots Pcr1, Pcr2, Pcr3.
The smallest of the three roots will govern the buckling of the column.
The critical buckling load will always be smaller than Px, Py, and P
The buckling mode will always include all three deformations u, v, and
. Hence, it will be a flexural-torsional buckling mode.
For boundary conditions other than simply-supported, the

corresponding Px, Py, and P can be modified to include end condition
effects Kx, Ky, and K
Homework No. 4
See word file
Problem No. 1
Problem No. 2
Consider a column with doubly symmetric cross-section. The boundary conditions

for flexural buckling are simply supported at one end and fixed at the other end.
Solve the differential equation for flexural buckling for these boundary conditions
and determine the eigenvalue (buckling load) and the eigenmode (buckling shape).
Plot the eigenmode.
How the eigenvalue compare with the effective length approach for predicting
buckling?
What is the relationship between the eigenmode and the effective length of the
column (Refer textbook).
Consider an A992 steel W14 x 68 column cross-section. Develop the normalized
buckling load (Pcr/PY) vs. slenderness ratio (L/rx) curves for the column crosssection. Assume that the boundary conditions are simply supported for buckling
about the x, y, and z axes.
Which buckling mode dominates for different column lengths?
Is torsional buckling a possibility for practical columns of this length?
Will elastic buckling occur for most practical lengths of this column?
Problem No. 3
Consider a C10 x 30 column section. The length of the column is 15 ft. What is the
buckling capacity of the column if it is simply supported for buckling about the yaxis (of non-symmetry), pin-fix for flexure about the x-axis (of symmetry) and
simply supported in torsion about the z-axis. Which buckling mode dominates?
Column Buckling - Inelastic

A long topic
Effects of geometric imperfection

EIx v Pv 0
EIy u Pu 0
Leads to bifurcation buckling of

perfect doubly-symmetric columns
M x P(v v o ) 0
EIxv P(v v o ) 0
v Fv2 (v v o ) 0
v o o sin
z
L
vo
Mx
v Fv2v Fv2v o
v Fv2v Fv2 (o sin
Solution v c v p
z
)
L
v c A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z)
z
z
v p C sin Dcos
L
L
Effects of Geometric Imperfection

Solve for C and D first
z
L
2
z
z
z
z
z
C sin Dcos Fv2 C sin Dcos Fv2o sin 0
L
L
L
L
L
L
2
2
z
z
2
2
2
sin C Fv C Fv o cos D Fv D 0
L L
L L
2
2
2
2
C Fv C Fv o 0 and D Fv D 0
L
L
vp Fv2v p Fv2o sin
Fv2o
C
2
2
Fv
L
Solution becomes
and D 0
Fv2o
z
v A sin(Fv z) Bcos(Fv z)
sin
L
2
2
Fv
L
Geometric Imperfection
Solve for A and B
Boundary conditions v(0) v(L) 0
v(0) B 0
v(L) A sin Fv L 0
A0
Solution becomes
Fv2o
z
v
sin
2
L

2
Fv
L
Fv2
o
2
P

z PE o
z
L
v
sin
sin
Fv2
L 1 P
L
1
2
PE

L
P
z
PE
v
o sin
P
L
1
PE
Total Deflection
P
z
z
PE
v vo
o sin o sin
P
L
L
1
PE
P
z
1
z
E 1 o sin
o sin
L 1 P
L
1 P
PE
PE
z
AFo sin
L
AF = amplification factor
Geometric Imperfection
1
AF
amplification factor
P
1
PE
M x P(v v o )
z
M x AF (Po sin )
L
i.e., M x AF (moment due to initial crooked)
12
10
Amplification Factor A F
Increases exponentially
Limit AF for design
Limit P/PE for design
Value used in the code is 0.877

This will give AF = 8.13
Have to live with it.
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
P/PE
0.8
Residual Stress Effects
History of column inelastic buckling
Euler developed column elastic buckling equations (buried in the

million other things he did).
Take a look at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuleR

An amazing mathematician
In the 1750s, I could not find the exact year.
The elastica problem of column buckling indicates elastic

buckling occurs with no increase in load.
dP/dv=0
History of Column Inelastic Buckling
Engesser extended the elastic column buckling theory in 1889.
He assumed that inelastic

buckling occurs with no
increase in load, and the
relation between stress
and strain is defined by
tangent modulus Et
Engessers tangent modulus theory is easy to apply. It compares

reasonably with experimental results.
PT=ETI / (KL)2
In 1895, Jasinsky pointed out the problem with Engessers

theory.
If dP/dv=0, then the 2nd order moment (Pv) will produce

incremental strains that will vary linearly and have a zero value at
the centroid (neutral axis).
The linear strain variation will have compressive and tensile
values. The tangent modulus for the incremental compressive
strain is equal to Et and that for the tensile strain is E.
In 1898, Engesser corrected his original theory by accounting

for the different tangent modulus of the tensile increment.
This is known as the reduced modulus or double modulus

The assumptions are the same as before. That is, there is no
increase in load as buckling occurs.
The corrected theory is shown in the following slide
The buckling load PR produces critical

stress R=Pr/A
During buckling, a small curvature d

is introduced
The strain distribution is shown.
The loaded side has dL and dL
The unloaded
side
d ( y
y has
y) dd
U and dU
L
dU ( y y y1 ) d
d L E t ( y y1 y) d
dU E( y y y1 ) d

Q d v
d L E t ( y y1 y) v
dU E( y y y1 ) v
But, the assumption is dP 0
y
yy1
yy1
( d y)
dU dA d L dA 0
y
yy1
yy1
( d y)
E( y y y1 ) dA E t ( y y1 y) dA 0
ES1 E t S2 0
y
where, S1 ( y y y1 ) dA
yy1
and S 2
yy1
( y y1 y) dA
( d y)
S1 and S2 are the statical moments of the areas to the left and
right of the neutral axis.
Note that the neutral axis does not coincide with the centroid any
more.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated using the equation
derived ES1 - EtS2 = 0
M Pv
y
yy1
yy1
( d y)
M dU ( y y y1) dA d L ( y y1 y) dA
M Pv v( EI1 E t I2 )
y
where, I1 ( y y y1 ) 2 dA
yy1
and I 2
yy1
( y y1 y) 2 dA
( d y)

M Pv v( EI1 E t I2 )
Pv ( EI1 E t I2 )v 0
v
P
v 0
EI1 E t I2
v Fv2v 0
P
P
EI1 E t I2 EIx
I
I
and E E 1 E t 2
Ix
Ix
where, Fv2
2 EIx
PR
(KL) 2
E is the reduced or double modulus

PR is the reduced modulus buckling load
For 50 years, engineers were faced with the dilemma that the
reduced modulus theory is correct, but the experimental data
was closer to the tangent modulus theory. How to resolve?
Shanley eventually resolved this dilemma in 1947. He

conducted very careful experiments on small aluminum
columns.
He found that lateral deflection started very near the theoretical

tangent modulus load and the load capacity increased with
increasing lateral deflections.
The column axial load capacity never reached the calculated
reduced or double modulus load.
Shanley developed a column model to explain the observed

phenomenon
Column Inelastic Buckling
Three different theories
Tangent modulus
Reduced modulus
Shanley model
dP/dv=0
Tangent modulus theory

assumes
Perfectly straight column

Ends are pinned
Small deformations
No strain reversal during
buckling
Slope is zero at buckling

P=0 with increasing v
v
Elastic buckling analysis
PT
Assumes that the column buckles at the tangent modulus load such
that there is an increase in P (axial force) and M (moment).
The axial strain increases everywhere and there is no strain reversal.

Strain and stress state just before buckling
PT
T
Mx - Pv = 0
Strain and stress state just after buckling
v
v
T=PT/A
Mx
T=ETT
Curvature = = slope of strain diagram
T
h
h
T y
where y dis tan ce from centroid
2
T y E T
2
PT
Deriving the equation of equilibrium

M x ydA
A
T T
T ( y h / 2) E T
M x T ( y h / 2)E T ydA
A
M x T y dA E T y 2 dA h / 2)E T y dA
A
M x 0 E T Ix 0
M x E T Ix v
The equation Mx- PTv=0 becomes -ETIxv - PTv=0
Solution is PT= 2ETIx/L2
Example - Aluminum columns
Consider an aluminum column with Ramberg-Osgood stressE 10100 ksi

strain curve
40.15 ksi
0.2
0.002
E
0.2
1 0.002 n1
n n
E 0.2
0.002
1 n nE n1
0.2
E
n1
0.002
1
nE
0.2
0.2
n1 E T
0.002
1
nE
0.2
0.2
0.000E+00
1.980E-04
3.960E-04
5.941E-04
7.921E-04
9.901E-04
1.188E-03
1.386E-03
1.584E-03
1.782E-03
1.980E-03
2.178E-03
2.376E-03
2.575E-03
2.775E-03
2.979E-03
3.198E-03
3.458E-03
3.829E-03
4.483E-03
5.826E-03
8.771E-03
1.529E-02
2.949E-02
5.967E-02
1.221E-01
18.55
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
ET
ET
differences
equation
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10100.0
10099.9
10099.8
10099.5
10098.8
10097.6
10094.2
10088.7
10075.1
10054.2
10005.7
9934.0
9779.8
9563.7
9142.0
8602.6
7697.4
6713.6
5394.2
4251.9
3056.9
2218.6
1488.8
1037.0
679.2
468.1
306.9
212.4
140.8
98.5
66.3
46.9
32.1
23.0
Tangent Modulus Buckling

Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain
Stress-tangent modulus relationship
60
12000
Tangent Modulus (ksi)
S
t
r
e
s
s
(
k
s
i)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
0.010
0.020
0.030
Strain (in./in.)
0.040
0.050
10
20
30
40
Stress (ksi)
ET differences
ET equation
50
Tangent Modulus Buckling

(KL/r)cr
223.2521046
157.8630771
128.8946627
111.6260523
99.84137641
91.1422898
84.3813604
78.93150275
74.41710153
70.59690679
67.3048795
64.4113691
61.77857434
59.17430952
56.09208286
51.5097656
44.14566415
34.1419685
24.00464013
15.9961201
10.48827475
6.902516144
4.596633406
3.105440361
2.129145204
Column Inelastic Buckling Curve

60
Tangent Modulus Buckling Stress
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
2 E T Ix
PT
L2
PT
2 E T Ix
2 ET
T
2
A
AL2
KL / r
50
40
2 ET
KL / rcr
T
30
20
10
0
0
30
60
90
KL/r
120
150
Consider a rectangular section

with a simple residual stress
distribution
x
d
Assume that the steel material

has elastic-plastic stress-strain
curve.
Assume simply supported end

conditions
Assume triangular distribution

for residual stresses
rc
rt
y/b
rc
y
y
One major constrain on residual

stresses is that they must be such
that
dA 0
r
2
0.5 y y
b
b / 2
b / 2
2 y
x d dx 0.5 y
x d dx
b
0
2d y b 2 2d y b 2
0.5 y d b 2 0.5 y d b 2

b 8
b 8
0
0
Residual stresses are produced by

uneven cooling but no load is
present

b
Response will be such that elastic behavior when
x
d
0.5 y
2 EIy
2 EIx
Px
and Py
L2
L2
Yielding occurs when
0.5 y i.e., P 0.5PY
Inelastic buckling will occur after 0.5 y
2
Y Y b Y (1 2 )
Y
Y/b

Total axial force corresponding to the yielded sec tion
Y (1 2 )
Y b 2bd Y
bd 2
2
Y 1 2 bd Y (2 2 )bd
Y bd 2bd Y 2 Y bd 2 2bd Y
Y bd(1 2 2 ) PY (1 2 2 )
If inelastic buckling were to occur at this load
Pcr PY (1 2 2 )

1
Pcr
1
2
PY
If inelastic buckling occurs about x axis
2E
d3
Pcr PTx 2 (2b)
L
12
2 EIx
PTx
2
L2
1 Pcr
PTx Px 2
1
2
PY
PTx Px 2
1 PTx
1
2
PY
PTx Px
1 PTx
2
1
PY PY
2
PY
PTx 1
1 PTx
2
1
PY 2x
2
PY
2x
P
2 1 Tx
PY
PTx
PY
b
x
y
Q Pcr PTx
2
P
1
E
r
Let, x 2 2
x
PY x
Y K x L x
If inelastic buckling occurs about y axis
2E
d
Pcr PTy 2 (2b) 3
L
12
2 EIy
3
PTy
2
L2
3
1
P
PTy Py 2 1 cr
PY
2
Q Pcr PTy
PTy Py PTy
2 1

PY PY
PY
PTy 1 PTy
2 1

PY 2y
PY
x
y
P 3
PTy Py 2 1 Ty
PY

P
2 1 Ty
PY

2
y
PTy
PY
P
1
E
Let, y 2 2
PY y
Y
r 2
y
K y L y

P/PY
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
0.995
x
2.236
2.000
1.826
1.690
1.581
1.491
1.414
1.313
1.221
1.135
1.052
0.971
0.889
0.803
0.705
0.577
0.317
y
2.236
2.000
1.826
1.690
1.581
1.491
1.414
1.246
1.092
0.949
0.815
0.687
0.562
0.440
0.315
0.182
0.032
Tangent modulus buckling - Numerical

1
Discretize the cross-section into fibers

Think about the discretization. Do you need the flange
To be discretized along the length and width?
For each fiber, save the area of fiber (A fib), the

distances from the centroid y fib and xfib,
Ix-fib and Iy-fib the fiber number in the matrix.
Afib
yfib
Centroidal axis
3
Discretize residual stress distribution
Calculate residual stress (r-fib)

each fiber
Check that sum(r-fib Afib)for

Section = zero
Tangent Modulus Buckling - Numerical

6
Calculate effective residual

strain (r) for each fiber
r=r/E
Assume centroidal strain
14
13
Calculate the critical (KL)X and (KL)Y for the

(KL)X-cr = sqrt [(EI)Tx/P]
(KL)y-cr = sqrt [(EI)Ty/P]
Calculate the tangent (EI)TX and (EI)TY for the

(EI)TX = sum(ET-fib{yfib2 Afib+Ix-fib})
(EI)Ty = sum(ET-fib{xfib2 Afib+ Iy-fib})
Calculate average stress = = P/A

8
Calculate total strain for each fiber

tot=+r
Assume a material stress-strain

curve for each fiber
Calculate Axial Force = P

Sum (fibAfib)
Calculate stress in each fiber fib
12
11
10
Tangent modulus buckling - numerical

Section Dimension
b
d
y
12
4
50
No. of fibers
20
A
Ix
Iy
48
64
576.00
fiber no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Afib
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
xfib
-5.7
-5.1
-4.5
-3.9
-3.3
-2.7
-2.1
-1.5
-0.9
-0.3
0.3
0.9
1.5
2.1
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.5
5.1
5.7
yfib
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
r-fib
-22.5
-17.5
-12.5
-7.5
-2.5
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
22.5
17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5
-2.5
-7.5
-12.5
-17.5
-22.5
r-fib
-7.759E-04
-6.034E-04
-4.310E-04
-2.586E-04
-8.621E-05
8.621E-05
2.586E-04
4.310E-04
6.034E-04
7.759E-04
7.759E-04
6.034E-04
4.310E-04
2.586E-04
8.621E-05
-8.621E-05
-2.586E-04
-4.310E-04
-6.034E-04
-7.759E-04
Ixfib
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
Iyfib
78.05
62.50
48.67
36.58
26.21
17.57
10.66
5.47
2.02
0.29
0.29
2.02
5.47
10.66
17.57
26.21
36.58
48.67
62.50
78.05
Tangent Modulus Buckling - numerical

Strain Increment
Fiber no.
-0.0003
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
tot
fib
-1.076E-03
-9.034E-04
-7.310E-04
-5.586E-04
-3.862E-04
-2.138E-04
-4.138E-05
1.310E-04
3.034E-04
4.759E-04
4.759E-04
3.034E-04
1.310E-04
-4.138E-05
-2.138E-04
-3.862E-04
-5.586E-04
-7.310E-04
-9.034E-04
-1.076E-03
-31.2
-26.2
-21.2
-16.2
-11.2
-6.2
-1.2
3.8
8.8
13.8
13.8
8.8
3.8
-1.2
-6.2
-11.2
-16.2
-21.2
-26.2
-31.2
Efib
Tx-fib
Ty-fib
Pfib
29000
92800 2.26E+06
-74.88
29000
92800 1.81E+06
-62.88
29000
92800 1.41E+06
-50.88
29000
92800 1.06E+06
-38.88
29000
92800 7.60E+05
-26.88
29000
92800 5.09E+05
-14.88
29000
92800 3.09E+05
-2.88
29000
92800 1.59E+05
9.12
29000
92800 5.85E+04
21.12
29000
92800 8.35E+03
33.12
29000
92800 8.35E+03
33.12
29000
92800 5.85E+04
21.12
29000
92800 1.59E+05
9.12
29000
92800 3.09E+05
-2.88
29000
92800 5.09E+05
-14.88
29000
92800 7.60E+05
-26.88
29000
92800 1.06E+06
-38.88
29000
92800 1.41E+06
-50.88
29000
92800 1.81E+06
-62.88
29000
92800 2.26E+06
-74.88
Tx
-0.0005
-0.0006
-0.0007
-0.0008
-0.0009
-0.001
-0.0011
-0.0012
-0.0013
-0.0014
-0.0015
-0.0016
-0.0017
-0.0018
-0.0019
-0.002
-0.0021
-0.0022
-0.0023
-0.0024
-0.00249
-417.6
-556.8
-696
-835.2
-974.4
-1113.6
-1252.8
-1384.8
-1510.08
-1624.32
-1734.72
-1832.16
-1924.8
-2008.32
-2083.2
-2152.8
-2209.92
-2263.2
-2304.96
-2340.48
-2368.32
-2386.08
-2398.608
Ty
1856000
1856000
1856000
1856000
1856000
1670400
1670400
1484800
1299200
1299200
1113600
1113600
928000
928000
742400
556800
556800
371200
371200
185600
185600
16704000
16704000
16704000
16704000
16704000
12177216
12177216
8552448
5729472
5729472
3608064
3608064
2088000
2088000
1069056
451008
451008
133632
133632
16704
16704
KLx-cr
209.4395102
181.3799364
162.231147
148.0960979
137.1103442
128.254983
120.9199576
109.11051
104.4864889
94.98347542
85.97519823
83.65775001
75.56517263
73.97722346
66.30684706
65.22619108
57.58118233
49.27629185
48.8278711
39.56410897
39.33088015
27.70743725
27.63498414
KLy-cr
T/Y
628.3185307
0.174
544.1398093
0.232
486.6934411
0.29
444.2882938
0.348
411.3310325
0.406
384.764949
0.464
362.7598728
0.522
294.5983771
0.577
282.1135199
0.6292
227.960341
0.6768
180.5479163
0.7228
175.681275
0.7634
136.0173107
0.802
133.1590022
0.8368
99.46027059
0.868
97.83928663
0.897
69.0974188
0.9208
44.34866267
0.943
43.94508399
0.9604
23.73846538
0.9752
23.59852809
0.9868
8.312231176
0.9942
8.290495243
0.99942
(KL/r)x
181.3799364
157.0796327
140.4962946
128.254983
118.7410412
111.0720735
104.7197551
94.49247352
90.48795371
82.25810265
74.45670576
72.44973673
65.44135914
64.06615482
57.423414
56.48753847
49.86676668
42.67452055
42.28617679
34.26352344
34.06154136
23.99534453
23.9325983
(KL/r)y
181.3799364
157.0796327
140.4962946
128.254983
118.7410412
111.0720735
104.7197551
85.04322617
81.43915834
65.80648212
52.11969403
50.71481571
39.26481548
38.43969289
28.711707
28.24376924
19.94670667
12.80235616
12.68585304
6.852704688
6.812308273
2.399534453
2.39325983

Inelastic Column Buckling
( T/ Y)
Normalized critical stress
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
KL/r ratio
(KL/r)x
(KL/r)y
140
160
180
200
Normalized column capacity
Column Inelastic Buckling
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
Num-x
Elastic
1.0
Num-y
Lambda
AISC-Design
1.5
Analytical-x
Analytical-y
2.0
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF BEAMS
Going back to the original three second-order differential

equations:
Therefore,
1
z
z
E I x v P v P x0 M BY M TY M BY M BX M TX M BX
L
L
z
z
E I y u P u P y0 M BX (M
M BY
M TX
M BX
M TYTX+M
(M
)
BY
TY+M
BY)
BX
L
L
z
E I w (G KT K ) u ( M BX ( M BX M TX ) P y0 )
L
z
v
u
v ( M BY ( M BY M TY ) P x0 ) ( M TY M BY ) ( M TX M BX ) 0
L
L
L
Consider the case of a beam subjected to uniaxial bending only:
because most steel structures have beams in uniaxial bending

Beams under biaxial bending do not undergo elastic buckling
P=0;
MTY=MBY=0
The three equations simplify to:
z
M TX M BX
L
z
E I y u M BX M TX M BX
L
z
u
E I w (G KT K ) u M BX ( M BX M TX ) ( M TX M BX ) 0
L
L
E I x v M BX
Equation (1) is an uncoupled differential equation describing inplane bending behavior caused by MTX and MBX
Equations (2) and (3) are coupled equations in u and that

describe the lateral bending and torsional behavior of the beam.
In fact they define the lateral torsional buckling of the beam.
The beam must satisfy all three equations (1, 2, and 3). Hence,
beam in-plane bending will occur UNTIL the lateral torsional
buckling moment is reached, when it will take over.
Consider the case of uniform moment (Mo) causing compression

in the top flange. This will mean that
-MBX = MTX = Mo
For this case, the differential equations (2 and 3) will become:
E I y u M o 0
E I w (G KT K ) u M o 0
where :
K Wagner ' s effect due to warping caused by torsion
K a 2 dA
A
Mo
But ,
y neglecting higher order terms
Ix
Mo
y ( xo x) 2 ( yo y ) 2 dA
Ix
A
K
K
K
Mo
Ix
Mo
Ix
2
2
2
2
y
x
2
xx
y
2 yy0 dA
o
0
o

2
2
2
2
2
x
y
dA
y
x
y
dA
x
2
xy
dA
y
y
dA
2
y
y
dA
o
0
o
o
A
A
A
A
A

Mo
K
Ix
2
2
A y x y dA 2 yo I x
2
2
dA
y
x
K Mo
K M ox
Ix
2 yo
where, x
2
2
dA
y
x
y

A
Ix
2 yo
x is a new sec tional property
The beam buckling differential equations become :

(2) E I y u M o 0
(3) E I w (G KT M o x ) u M o 0

Equation (2) gives u
Mo
E Iy
Substituting u from Equation (2) in (3) gives :

2
M
E I w iv (G KT M o x ) o 0
E Iy
For doubly symmetric sec tion : x 0

2
M
G
K
T
iv
2 o 0
E Iw
E I y Iw
G KT
Let , 1
E Iw
and
M o2
2 2
E I y Iw
iv 1 2 0 becomes the combined d .e. of LTB

Assume solution is of the form e z
4 1 2 2 e z 0
4 1 2 2 0
1 12 42

2
2
1 12 42

2
Let , 1 , and
12 42 1
,
2
1 12 42
, i
2
i 2
Above are the four roots for

C1e1z C2e 1 z C3ei 2 z C4e i 2 z
collecting real and imaginary terms
G1 cosh(1 z ) G2 sinh(1 z ) G3 sin( 2 z ) G4 cos( 2 z )
Assume simply supported boundary conditions for the beam:

(0) (0) ( L) ( L) 0
Solution for must satisfy all four b.c.
G 1
2
G
2
2 0
cos( 2 L)
G 3
G 4
22 cos( 2 L)
For buckling coefficient matrix must be sin gular :
det er min ant of matrix 0
1
12
cosh(1 L)
12 cosh(1 L)
0
0
sinh(1 L)
12 sinh(1L)
0
0
sin( 2 L)
22 sin( 2 L)
12 22 sinh(1 L) sinh( 2 L) 0
Of these :
only sinh( 2 L) 0
2 L n

2
n
L
12 42 1
2
L
2 2
2
1 42 1 2
L
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
21
2 1 1
2
2
L
L
L
4
4
2
2
2 2 1 2
L
L
2 G KT 2
M o2
2 2
2

E I y Iw L
E I w L2
Mo

G KT
2
2
L
E
I
w L
E2 I y Iw
2E I y
Mo
L2
2E Iw
G KT
2
L

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CE 579: STRUCTRAL STABILITY AND DESIGN

Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability

Methods of stability analyses

Examples small deflection analyses

Examples large deflection analyses

Examples imperfect systems

Design of steel structures

Change in geometry of a structure or structural component

Instability can lead to catastrophic failure must be accounted

Why did we define instability instead of stability? Seem strange!

Stability is not easy to define.

Every structure is in equilibrium static or dynamic. If it is not in

Structure is in stable equilibrium when small perturbations do

Structure is in unstable equilibrium when small perturbations

Structure is in neutral equilibrium when we cant decide whether

Thus, stability talks about the equilibrium state of the structure.

The definition of stability had nothing to do with a change in the

BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY

Change in geometry of structure under compression that

Not true this is called buckling.

Buckling is a phenomenon that can occur for structures under

The structure deforms and is in stable equilibrium in state-1.

What has buckling to do with stability?

The question is - Is the equilibrium in state-2 stable or unstable?

BUCKLING Vs. STABILITY

Thus, there are two topics we will be interested in this course

Buckling Sudden change in deformation from state-1 to state-2

Large deformations of the structure

We will look at both of these topics for

Buckling bifurcation of equilibrium from deformation state-1 to

Failure due to instability of equilibrium state-1 due to large

Bifurcation buckling occurs for columns, beams, and symmetric

Elastic instability occurs for beam-columns, and frames subjected

We will study all of this in this course because we dont want

Member or structure subjected to loads. As the load is

The deformation changes suddenly from state-1 to state-2.

Critical buckling load when the load-deformation path bifurcates

Primary load-deformation path before buckling

Post-buckling load-deform. paths are symmetric about load axis.

If the load capacity increases after buckling then stable symmetric

Post-buckling behavior that is asymmetric about load axis.

There is no bifurcation of the load-deformation path. The

The structure stiffness decreases as the loads are increased.

The structure stiffness decreases to zero and becomes negative.

Shell Buckling failure very sensitive to imperfections

Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Stability

Methods of stability analyses

Examples small deflection analyses

Examples large deflection analyses

Examples imperfect systems

Design of steel structures

METHODS OF STABILITY ANALYSES

Bifurcation approach consists of writing the equation of

Energy approach consists of writing the equation expressing

Dynamic approach consists of writing the equation of dynamic

Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. In fact,

The bifurcation approach is appropriate for determining the

The deformations are usually assumed to be small.

The energy approach is the best when establishing the

The deformations can be small or large.

Remember, it though when you take the course in dynamics or earthquake

What happens when an axial load is acting on the beam.

The stiffness will no longer remain 4EI/L and 2EI/L.