Ch 16 Computer Aided Part

Programming

nderstand the concept of computer aided part programming as a

universal programming system used for a large range of machine tools.
A

ppreciate the structure of APT, the first computer aided part

programming system developed.
L

earn the various geometric facilities that are available in APT language
and methods to use them
U

se the concept of surface and prepare part programs using the various
motion commands available in APT.
W

rite a complete APT program using the various commands such as

postprocessor, compilation control and looping.

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nderstand Mastercam as the modern computer aided part

programming system that is more user friendly and graphics
oriented unlike APT.
L

earn the methods utilised for entering geometric information

into Mastercam.
U

nderstand the various tool path generation modules within

Mastercam through which the CNC part programs can be
generated.
W

rite programs for machining centres as well as turning centres

using Mastercam.

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he assistance of the computer would be desirable for

the part programming because of a variety of reasons.
T
he complexity of the workpiece, which makes manual
part programming almost impossible.
C
lose tolerance contouring to some mathematically
defined, or through a set of points other than a
circular arc, would be an example requiring too many
coordinate calculations making manual part
programming too tedious to be practicable.
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rocessor

converts the input information into a

generalised set of cutter location (CL) data
and the relevant machine motions.
Independent of the CNC machine tool

ost processor

Converts CLDATA into the actual part

program
Specific to the CNC machine tool

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onverting the CLDATA to the machine tool co-ordinate system.

C

onverting the CLDATA to the control unit understandable NC

blocks taking care of the following machine tool functions:

Maximum table or spindle traverses,

Available feeds and speeds,
Available preparatory, miscellaneous and other functions,
Straight line and circular interpolations,
Acceleration and decelerations of slides taking care of the overshoot of
corners, and other machine tool control unit system requirements such as
tape reader time, servo setting time, etc.
P

rovide output
Required control tape.
Diagnostic listing on line printer, and
Other operator/programmer instructions.
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ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
0123456789

Numerals
Labels
Keywords

Major and Minor

Numbers
Angles
Arithmetic
Geometry

statements

Motion

statements

Post

statements

processor

Compilation

control statements
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Letters

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OINT, LINE, CIRCLE, PLANE, VECTOR, PATERN,

SPHERE, GCONIC, TABCYL, etc.

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P1 = POINT/75.0, 70.0
P1A = POINT/55.0, 70.0,
85.0
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P2 = POINT/INTOF, LN1, LN2

P3B = POINT/ XSMALL, INTOF, LN3, CR1
P3A = POINT/ XLARGE, INTOF, LN3, CR1

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et-up commands
Start point
Cutter
Surfaces
Tolerances
P

oint-to-point motion commands

Goto
Godlta
C

ontinuous path motion commands

Startup
Action verb
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oolant

ycle

edrat

oadtl

pindl

ewind
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artno
achin
opost
emark

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ooping
acro
racut

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Write a complete part

program for the
following component
shown in Fig 16.41
using an end mill
cutter of diameter 20
mm. Clearly show the
axes system chosen
with a sketch and the
direction of the cutter
for the motion
statements.
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$$ Geometry statements
L1 = LINE/0, 0, 140, 0
L2 = LINE/140, 0, 140, 50
L5 = LINE/0, 0, 0, 90
L4 = LINE/0, 90, 50, 90
C1 = CIRCLE/(50+40),90,40
L3 = LINE/140, 50, (50+40), 50
PL1 = PLANE/ 0, 0, 1, 2
$$ Motion statements
FROM/ -50, -50, 50
CUTTER/ 20
TOLER/ 0.01
GO/L1, PL1, L5
AUTOPS
GODLTA/ -6
TLRGT, GORGT/ L1, PAST, L2
GOLFT/ L2, PAST, L3
GOLFT/ L3, TANTO, C1
GOFWD/ C1, INTOF, L4
GOLFT/ L4, PAST, L5
GOLFT/ L5, PAST, L1
GODLTA/ 6
GOTO/ -50, -50, 50

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$$ Using the coordinates of the end points

$$ Using centre coordinates and radius

$$ Clearance plane parallel to XY above 2 mm
$$ Tool away from the work
$$ Startup command
$$ Tool goes to a depth of 4 mm

$$ Last part of contour

$$ Lift the tool to clearance plane
$$ Park the tool away from workpiece

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In

these systems a dedicated CAM system helps in

developing the CNC part programs
Ma
y be linked to a major CAD system such as
AutoCAD, Solidworks, CADKEY,.
Ex
amples
Mastercam
Virtual Gibbs
Smartcam
Edgecam
Alphacam

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ost popular among the independent CAM systems

idely used in schools Largest number of
installations

inks to most of the well known CAD systems such

as AutoCAD, CADKEY, Solidworks, VersaCAD, etc.
ncorporates cutting tool database for cutting
process parameter selection
ot of intelligence built into tool path generation
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art geometry creation

ool path generation
C codes generation

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Menu bar

Tool bar

Operations Manager

Graphics area

Status bar
Prompt area

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PT (Automatically Programmed Tools) is the first computer aided

programming system that was developed to help in the programming of
complex shapes used in aerospace applications.
o make the computer aided part programming systems universally
applicable to all types of machine tools, the processing is done in two
stages.
PT geometry has facilities for defining a large number of geometric
elements directly from the information available in the part drawing.
PT motion statements will allow for simple English like statements to
generate the programs for point-to-point applications as well as
contouring for complex profiles.
he complete APT part program has in addition to geometry and motion
components, compilation control and post processor statements.

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astercam is more user friendly and has geometric user interface for
the user to see the development of the part program.

eometry of the part can be easily constructed by the variety of

menu commands available from the data available for the part
drawing.

he tool path generating modules utilise the geometry and the built
in cutting tool database to generate the optimum tool path which
can be verified before finalising the part program.

ool path modules are available for machining centre as well as

turning centre to take care of the differences between the types of
machining methods employed.

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