Engineering Management

Project Planning & Control

Engineering Management
Project Planning & Control

GSM

Global System
for Mobile communication

Presented by:
Zeeshan Zia
10-ECT-41
Khaleel Ahmad Khan 10ECT-83

C
O
N
T
E
N
T
S

Introduction
Advantages, Characteristics & Future
Architecture
Specifications
Operation

Transmitter & Receiver

Channels
Call Routing
Handover
Security

Applications

Introduction to GSM
1G (1st generation) cellular standard
2G (2nd generation) cellular standard
cater voice services and data delivery
using digital modulation
provide functional basis for 3G mobile
system

Advantages of GSM over Analog System

Capacity increases
Reduced RF transmission power and longer
battery life.
International roaming capability.
Better security against fraud (through
terminal validation and user authentication).
Encryption capability for information security
and privacy.
Compatibility with ISDN, leading to wider
range of services

Characteristics of GSM Standard

Fully digital system using 900, 1800 MHz
frequency band.
TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier
spacing).
User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
Encryption of speech and data transmission over
the radio path.
Full international roaming capability.
Low speed data services (up to 9.6 Kb/s).
Compatibility with ISDN.
Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

Future of GSM

2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)
HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)

GPRS (General Packet Radio service)

Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps

EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)

Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)

Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)

3 Generation
WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)

Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps

GSM Architecture

GSM Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)
Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held device
Radio transmission & reception equipment
Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International
Mobile Equipment Identity)
IMEI enables the operator to check the Mobile
Equipment Identity
at call setup and make sure that no stolen or
unauthorized MS
is used in the GSM network
Voice and data transmission (digitizing & sending
your voice)
Monitoring
power
and
signal
quality
of
surrounding cells for optimum handover

Mobile Station (MS)

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Stores all information related to Subscriber.
Allows user to send and receive calls and
receive other subscribed services
Smart card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Mobile Station -Integrated Services Digital
Network(MSISDN)
Protected by a password or Personal
Identification Number (PIN)
PIN Unlocked Key or Personal Unlock Code
(PUK)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Cell Phone Tower Station
Connects to MS through a Radio Interface (Air
Interface)
Connects to NSS through A-Interface
Communicate
across
the
standardized
Abis
interface (connection 16-64kbit/s)
Allow operation between components
Two parts
o
o

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) (located at the Antenna Site)

Base Station Controller (BSC) (may control several BTSs)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
Radio transmission & reception equipment
Encodes, Encrypts, Multiplexes, Modulates and
feeds the RF signals to the antenna
Frequency hopping
Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)
It communicates with MSC and BTS
It can control several BTS
Manages Radio resources for BTS (packages up
all the radio signals and send them to the switch)
Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MSs in
its area
Handles call set up
Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
Handover for each MS

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Heart of the network
Performs main switching functions of GSM
Manages communication between GSM users and
other networks/telecommunication users
Call setup function and basic switching
Call routing
Billing information and collection
Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handof
MSC does gateway function while its customer
roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.
Has several databases
Has TRAU

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large
service area(generally one per GSM network operator)
database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid,
roaming restrictions, supplementary services.

Visitor Location Registers (VLR)

Temporary database which updates whenever new MS

enters its area, by HLR database
Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
Reduces number of queries to HLR
Database contains IMSI, TMSI, MSISDN, MSRN,
Location Area, Authentication key

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Authentication Center (AuC)

Protects against intruders in air interface

Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and
provides security triplets (RAND, SRES, Kc)
Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

- Database that is used to track handsets using the
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The
Black List and the Gray List
Only one EIR per PLMN

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Operation and Management Centre (OMC)
-

Alarm
Fault Management
Performance Management
Configuration Management
Software Version Management
Network Status Control

Network Management Centre (NMC)

-Single NMC per network
- Traffic management for whole network
- High-level alarm handling

GSM Specifications-I
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
Mobile to BTS (uplink):
890-915 MHz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):
935-960 MHz
Bandwidth:
2* 25 MHz
GSM 1800
Mobile to BTS (uplink):
1710-1785 MHz
BTS to Mobile(downlink):
1805-1880 MHz
Bandwidth:
2* 75 MHz

GSM Specification-II

Carrier Separation:
200 KHz
Duplex Frequency Spacing:
45 MHz
No. of RF carriers / channels:
124
Access Method:
TDMA/FDMA
Voice Coder Bit Rate:
13kbps
Modulation Method:
GMSK
Modulation(air transmission) data rate: 270.833
Kbps

GSM Transmitter & Receiver

Speech
Speech

Speech

Analog>digital
Speech
Residually Excited Linear Predictive Coder (RELPC)
coding

decoding

13.0 Kbps
addition for data & control signals
Channel CodingBit
Bit error detection & correction

Channel decoding

22.8 Kbps
Interleaving Spreading successive bits over several data blocks
De-interleaving
22.8 Kbps
Burst FormattingSynchronization & equalization of signals

Burst Formatting

33.6 Kbps
Ciphering

Modifying contents of blocks (secret code)

33.6 Kbps
Modulation

Radio Interface

binary>analog
GMSK technique

270.83 Kbps

De-ciphering

Demodulation

GSM Channels
Physical Channel
One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is referred to
as a physical channel. There are 8 physical channels per
carrier in GSM (channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7))

Logical Channel:
A great variety of information must be transmitted
between BTS and the MS e.g. user data and control
signaling. Depending on the kind of information
transmitted we refer to different logical channels. These
logical channels are mapped on physical channel.

Frame Structure & Physical Channel

Bursts:
Normal Burst
Freq. Correction Burst
Synchronization Burst
Access Burst
Dummy Burst

Logical Channel
Half Rate TCH = 11.4kbps
TCH
(traffic)

Full Rate TCH = 22.8kbps

Broadcast
CCH
CCH
(contro
Common
l)
CCH

in coding schemes &

TCH/F2.4 = 2.4 kbpsDiffer
error correction capabilities
TCH/F2.8 = 4.8 kbps
TCH/F9.6 = 9.6 kbps
FCCH(Frequency correction)

SCH(Synchronization)
PCH(Paging)
RACH(Random Access)
AGCH(Access Grant)

Dedicated
CCH

Codecs:
FR = 13kb/s
HR = 5.6kb/s
EFR = 12.2kb/s
AMR (Adaptive Multirate)

SDCCH(Stand Alone)
SACCH(Slow-associated)
FACCH(Fast-associated)

Call Routing
Call termination to MS (Incoming Calls)
Call Originating from MS (Outgoing Calls)

Incoming Calls
Calling
a
GSM
subscribers[1]
Forwarding
call
to
GSMC[2]
Signal Setup to HLR[3]
Request
MSRN
from
VLR[4,5]
Forward
responsible
MSC to GMSC[6]
Forward Call to current
MSC[7]
Get current status of
MS[8,9]
Paging of MS[10,11]
MS answers[12,13]
Security checks[14,15]
Set
up
connection[16,17]

Outgoing Calls
MS sends dialed number
to BSS[1]
BSS sends dialed number
to MSC[2]
MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the requested
service. If so, MSC asks
BSS to allocate resources
for call[3,4]
MSC routes the call to
GMSC[5]
GMSC routes the call to
local exchange of called
user[6]
Answer back(ring back)
tone
is
routed
from
called user to MS via
GMSC,
MSC,
BSS[7,8,9,10]

Handover
1 Intra BTS / Cell
Between 1 and 2
Inter BTS / Intra BSC
Between 1 and 3
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
Between 1 and 4
Inter MSC

Security in GSM
On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI
instead of IMSI.
SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the
ownership of SIM
3 algorithms are specified:
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation

Authentication

Key Generation & Encryption

GSM Applications
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting of DG
sets
Value Added Services

Th

Yo

To be prepared is half
the victory!
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra