Future

Automotive Fuel
Options/Implications
January 27, 2005

Charles L. Gray, Jr.

Advanced Technology Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality

World Crude Oil Production

(M bbl/day)

World Crude Oil

Production
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2000

-1000

Proven Reserves

1000

2000

3000

Double Proven Reserves

Source: EIA Department of Energy

Urgency of Planning for Transition

1900
1900

1950
1950

2000
2000

Proven
Proven Reserves
Reserves

2016

100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
00

2007

World Crude Oil Production

(M bbl/day)

World Crude Oil Production/Consumption

2050
2050

2100
2100

Double
Double
Proven
Proven
Reserves
Reserves

Source: EIA Department of Energy

Choices
Fuels
Low Sulfur Gasoline
Low Sulfur Diesel
Bio-Diesel
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
DME (Dimethyl Ether)
Methanol
Ethanol
Natural Gas/CNG/LPG
Hydrogen
Electricity
The key is to select powertrains
that are exciting to the consumer
and are simultaneously costeffective and ultra-efficient.

Decisions
Engines
Incremental
improvements to Gasoline
Engines
Clean Diesel
Variable Displacement
Variable Compression
DI Gasoline
HCCI engine
Fuel Cell
Free Piston Engine

Drivetrains
CVT
Electric Hybrids
Hydraulic
Hybrids

Energy Reserves (Quads BTU)

The World
United
States

International Energy Annual 2002 EIA/DOE

Oil shale data is from World Energy Council

Source: 1991 in-house staff study updated to 2000

dollars.

10

Key Driver is Economics

11

Non-Petroleum Highway Fuel

U.S. Production Potential
(billion gallons, gasoline-equivalent)

Source: In-house staff sensitivity

projections.

Note: From non- coal/shale feedstocks

12

Choices
Fuels
Low Sulfur Gasoline
Low Sulfur Diesel
Bio-Diesel
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
DME (Dimethyl Ether)
Methanol
Ethanol
Natural Gas/CNG/LPG
Hydrogen
Electricity
The key is to select powertrains
that are exciting to the consumer
and are simultaneously costeffective and ultra-efficient.

Decisions
Engines
Incremental
improvements to Gasoline
Engines
Clean Diesel
Variable Displacement
Variable Compression
DI Gasoline
HCCI engine
Fuel Cell
Free Piston Engine

Drivetrains
CVT
Electric Hybrids
Hydraulic
Hybrids

13

Advanced Engine Options

EPA Clean Diesel Combustion
4 cylinder engine working, installed in mini-van
Meets levels of Tier 2/bin5 NOx (without NOx
aftertreatment)
Maintains high diesel efficiency
Working with industry on application to larger engines
Public Announcement with International Truck and
Engine Corp. May 2004
Public Announcement with Ford January 2005
Methanol Engine
Great efficiency 40+%
Paper in March 2003 SAE World Congress
14

EPA Clean Diesel Combustion

(1.9L Multi-Cylinder Evaluation)
Engine Brake Efficiency (%)

Brake Specific NOx (g/hp-hr)

42%
40-41%

Pexhaust = Pinput + .1
Bar

NOx below .2
everywhere

15

Methanol CPI 4-Cylinder

Efficiency Results
240

Combined Cycle VW 1.9L PFI SI

Methanol Turbo Efficiency Map

220

240.0

40
30

160
140
20

120

42

80

36
40

50

10

30

32

20

20.0
2000

2500

3000

60

3500

Speed (rpm)

Combined Cycle

4000

4500

5000

0.0

28

10

30
28

500

1000

50

30

36

60.0
40.0

1500

34

36

34

80.0

20

1000

40%
40

32

100.0

40

0
500

38

120.0

34

38
36

60

80
70

140.0

40
34

20

160.0

38

38

30

180.0

60

40%

40

200.0

40

180

80
50

220.0

50

200

100

VW 1.9L TDI Base Efficiency Map

30

34

20

32
26

1500

24

2500

26
24

22

20

20

22

2000

40

3000

3500

4000

4500

Speed (rpm)

Baseline Diesel
16

5000

More Advanced Engine Options

HCCI Combustion

4 cylinder engine working, installed in truck

Virtually no NOx or PM emissions
Diesel like efficiency from gasoline
Excellent engine for a series hybrid
Paper in March 2004 SAE World Congress

Free-Piston Engine

Great efficiency -Hydraulic power directly from engine for

series hybrids
Clean 4-stroke cycle or High Power 2-stroke cycle
Capable of Clean Diesel or HCCI combustion
High Reliability/Low Cost potential: fewer moving parts
Paper in April 2005 SAE World Congress

17

Emerging Engine Technologies

HyTEC Hybrid Thermal Energy Converter
Recovers energy from engine exhaust heat,
Works best with series hybrids or long haul trucks

Variable Displacement Engine

Allows optimum high efficiency use of a small
displacement engine while retaining the option for
sustained high power when needed

Variable Compression Engine

Allows low power, very efficient engines to also
provide high power performance
18

Choices
Fuels
Low Sulfur Gasoline
Low Sulfur Diesel
Bio-Diesel
Fischer-Tropsch Diesel
DME (Dimethyl Ether)
Methanol
Ethanol
Natural Gas/CNG/LPG
Hydrogen
Electricity
The key is to select powertrains
that are exciting to the consumer
and are simultaneously costeffective and ultra-efficient.

Decisions
Engines
Incremental
improvements to Gasoline
Engines
Clean Diesel
Variable Displacement
Variable Compression
DI Gasoline
HCCI engine
Fuel Cell
Free Piston Engine

Drivetrains
CVT
Electric Hybrids
Hydraulic
Hybrids

19

Hydraulic Hybrid Configurations

High Pressure Accumulator

Mild
Hydraulic
Hybrid
(Parallel)

Trans
Engine

Drive
Shaft

Pump
/Mot
or

Low Pressure Accumulator

Conventional Vehicle

High Pressure Accumulator

FULL
Hydraulic
Hybrid
(Series)

Engine

Pump
/
Moto
r
Low Pressure Accumulator

Pump/Mot
or &
Gearbox

20

Historic EPA Full Series Hydraulic

Hybrid Test Chassis
Full Series Hydraulic
Hybrid
80+ mpg combined
city/highway mpg
~8 seconds 0-60
acceleration time
No need for expensive
EPAs full series hydraulic hybrid test chassis.
lightweight materials
(test weight 3800 lb)
Led the way for subsequent demonstration vehicles
Led to CRADA partnerships with Ford, Eaton,
Parker, International Truck and Engine Corp.
21

Sport Utility Vehicle

Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid

Full integrated hydraulic

hybrid, diesel engine,
clean packaging, cost
effective, targets 85%
mpg improvement from a
conventional gasoline
vehicle
1-3 year payback for
consumer

Showcasing the full use

of hydraulics in a
Ford Expedition.

Exhibited at the 2004 SAE World Congress

22

Comparison of SUV Technologies

Consumer Payback

Progress Report on Clean and Efficient Automotive

Technologies Under Development at EPA - January 2004
www.epa.gov/otaq/technology

23

Urban Delivery Vehicle Full Series Hydraulic Hybrid

First-ever full integrated

hydraulic hybrid delivery

vehicle, targets 70% mpg
improvement in city driving
2-year payback has attracted
attention from fleets
Partnership involving EPA,
Eaton, UPS, International
Truck and Engine
Corporation, and U.S. Army

Showcasing full hydraulic

hybrid systems in an
Urban Delivery Vehicle.

Public announcement coming soon!

24