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Zoologists estimate
that about a billion
billion (1018)
individual arthropods
populate the Earth
Tapeworms can reach
lengths of 20 meters in
the human intestine
Figure 17.1a
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A non-native toad
Was introduced from South America in 1935 to fight
beetles in sugarcane fields
Caused considerable damage to the ecosystem
Figure 17.1b
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What Is an Animal?
Animals
Are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion
Digest their food within their bodies
Figure 17.2
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Most animals
reproduce
sexually and then
proceed through a
series of
developmental
stages
Haploid
Sperm
Egg
1
Meiosis
Fertilization
Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Adult
3
Diploid
Blastula
(cross
section)
7 Metamorphosis
Digestive tract
Outer cell
layer
Primitive (ectoderm)
gut
5
Early
gastrula
Larva
Inner cell layer
(endoderm)
Figure 17.3
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Later gastrula
Opening
CHAPTER 17
Digestive
cavity
Reproductive
cells
1 Early colony of
protists
(aggregate of
identical cells)
2 Hollow
sphere
(shown in
cross
section)
Somatic
cells
3 Beginning of
cell
specialization
4 Infolding
5 Gastrula-like
protoanimal
Figure 17.4
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Figure 17.5
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal Phylogeny
To reconstruct the evolutionary history of animal
phyla, researchers must depend on clues from
comparative anatomy and embryology
Sponges
Cnidarians
Annelids
Arthropods Echinoderms
Coelom from
cell masses
Chordates
Coelom from
digestive tube
4
Pseudocoelom
No body
cavity
Radial
symmetry
True coelom
3 Body cavities
Bilateral
2 symmetry
True tissues
Multicellularity
Figure 17.6
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Figure 17.7
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A body cavity
Is a fluid-filled space
separating the
digestive tract from
the outer body wall
May be a
pseudocoelom or a
true coelom
Body
covering
(from
ectoderm)
Digestive
tract (from
endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelom (e.g., roundworm)
Coelom
Figure 17.8
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Digestive
tract (from
endoderm)
Muscle
layer (from
mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining
coelom and
suspending
Digestive
tract (from Mesentery internal
organs
endoderm)
(from
(c) True coelom (e.g., annelid)
mesoderm)
Invertebrates
Are animals without backbones
Represent 95% of the animal kingdom
Sponges
Phylum Porifera
Includes sessile animals
once believed to be
plants
Lack true tissues
Figure 17.9
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Pores
Choanocyte
in contact
with an
amoebocyte
Water flow
Skeleton fiber
Central cavity
Choanocyte
Amoebocyte
Flagella
Figure 17.10
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Cnidarians
Phylum Cnidaria
Is characterized by organisms with radial symmetry
and tentacles with stinging cells
Gastrovascular
cavity
Tentacle
Mouth/anus
Polyp form
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Medusa form
Figure 17.11
Figure 17.12
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Coiled
thread
Tentacle
Trigger
Capsule
Cnidocyte
Discharge of
thread
Prey
Figure 17.13
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Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Is represented by the simplest bilateral animals
Includes free-living forms such as planarians
Digestive tract
(gastrovascular
cavity)
Nerve cords
Mouth
Eyespots
Nervous tissue
clusters
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Figure 17.14
Some flatworms
are parasitic
Head
Reproductive
structures
Hooks
Sucker
Figure 17.15
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CHAPTER 17
Roundworms
Phylum Nematoda
Includes the most
diverse and
widespread of all
animals
Occurs in aquatic
and moist
terrestrial habitats
Figure 17.16
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Mollusks
Phylum Mollusca
Is represented by soft-bodied animals, but most are
protected by a hard shell
Includes snails, slugs, clams, octopuses, and squids,
to name a few
Coelom
Mantle
Kidney
Reproductive
organs
Heart
Digestive
tract
Mantle
cavity
Shell
Radula
Radula
Anus
Gill
Foot
Mouth
Nerve cords
Mouth
Figure 17.17
Figure 17.18a
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Figure 17.18b
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Figure 17.18c
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Annelids
Phylum Annelida
Includes worms with body segmentation
Anus
Brain
Mouth
Accessory
hearts
Main
heart
Coelom
Digestive
tract
Segment
walls
Nerve cord
Blood
vessels
Excretory
organ
Figure 17.19
Figure 17.20a
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Figure 17.20b
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Figure 17.20c
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
CHAPTER 17
Arthropods
Phylum Arthropoda
Contains organisms named for their jointed
appendages
Includes crustaceans, arachnids, and insects
Abdomen
Thorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head
Swimming
appendages
Pincer
(defense)
Walking
legs
Mouthparts (feeding)
Figure 17.21
Arthropod Diversity
There are four main groups of arthropods
Arachnids, such as spiders, scorpions, ticks, and
mites
Figure 17.22
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Figure 17.23
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 17.24
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Head Thorax
Abdomen
Hawk moth
Antenna
Forewing
Eye
Mosquito
Paper wasp
Mouthparts
Hindwing
Grasshopper
Damselfly
Water strider
Ground beetle
Figure 17.25
Many insects
undergo
metamorphosis in
their development
(a) Larva
(caterpillar)
(b) Pupa
(c) Pupa
(d) Emerging
adult
(e) Adult
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Figure 17.26
CHAPTER 17
Echinoderms
Phylum Echinodermata
Is named for the spiny surfaces of the organisms
Includes sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea
cucumbers
Figure 17.27
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Echinoderms
Are all marine
Lack body segments
Usually have an endoskeleton
Have a water vascular system that facilitates gas
exchange and waste disposal
Characteristics of Chordates
Phylum Chordata
Includes the subphylum of vertebrates
Figure 17.29
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Notochord
Dorsal,
hollow
nerve cord
Brain
Muscle segments
Mouth
Anus
Post-anal
tail
Pharyngeal
slits
Figure 17.30
Precambrian
Cambrian
Paleozoic
Triassic
Tertiary
Cenozoic
Lancelets
Tunicates
Cretaceous
Mesozoic
Jurassic
Permian
Ancestral chordate
Mammalia
(mammals)
Aves
(birds)
Reptilia (reptiles)
Eras
Periods
Chordates
Vertebrates
Tetrapods
Amniotes
Feathers
Hair
Amniotic egg
Legs
Jaws
Vertebrae
Figure 17.31
Fishes
The first vertebrates probably evolved during the
early Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago
Figure 17.32a
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Bony fishes
Have a skeleton
reinforced by
hard calcium
salts
Have a lateral
line system, a
keen sense of
smell, and
excellent
eyesight
Figure 17.32b
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CHAPTER 17
Amphibians
Members of the class
Amphibia
Exhibit a mixture of
aquatic and terrestrial
adaptations
Usually need water to
reproduce
Figure 17.33
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Amphibians
Were the first vertebrates to colonize land
Descended from fishes that had lungs and fins with
muscles
Lobe-finned fish
Early amphibian
Figure 17.34
Reptiles
Class Reptilia
Includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and
alligators
Can live totally on land
Figure 17.35
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Figure 17.36
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Birds
Class Aves
Evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the
Mesozoic era
Evolved the ability to fly
A birds wings
Illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the
wings of an airplane
Ai
rfo
il
Figure 17.37
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Mammals
Class Mammalia
Evolved from reptiles about 225 million years ago
Includes mostly terrestrial organisms
Figure 17.38a
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Figure 17.38b
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Figure 17.38c
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CHAPTER 17
Primates
Evolved from insect-eating mammals during the late
Cretaceous period
Early primates
Were small, arboreal mammals
Prosimians include
Lemurs, lorises,
pottos, and tarsiers
Figure 17.40a
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Anthropoids include
Monkeys
Figure 17.40b, c
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Figure 17.40dg
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Humans
Figure 17.40h
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Anthropoids
Prosimians
Humans
Chimpanzees
Orangutans
Gibbons
Ancestral primate
Gorillas
Apes
Monkeys
Figure 17.41
Human evolution
Is not a ladder with a series of steps leading directly
to Homo sapiens
Is more like a multibranched bush than a ladder
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
boisei
Australopithecus
robustus
Homo habilis
Australopithecus
africanus
Ardipithecus
ramidus
Australopithecus
afarensis
Figure 17.42
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CHAPTER 17
Figure 17.43
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Homo erectus
Was taller than H. habilis
Had a larger brain
Gave rise to Neanderthals
Homo sapiens
African
European
Asian
Australasian
Interbreeding
Homo erectus
in Africa
Figure 17.44a
Homo sapiens
African
European
Asian
Australasian
Homo erectus in
Africa
Figure 17.44b
Cultural Evolution
Culture
Is the transmission of accumulated knowledge over
generations
First, nomads
who were
hunter-gatherers
Made tools
Created art
Figure 17.45
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EVOLUTION CONNECTION: