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Chapter4

Bandpass Signalling
Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion
Bandpass Sampling Theorem
Bandpass Dimensionality Theorem
Amplifiers and Nonlinear Distortion
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University

Eeng 360 1

*
fcG
V
(f)12G
fc

Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion

Equivalent Low-pass filter: Modeling a bandpass filter by using an equivalent low


pass filter (complex impulse response)

Bandpass filter
h1 (t1) Re[ k1 (t )1e jw*ct ]

v1 (t ) Re[ g1 (t )e jwct ]

H( f )

v t Re g (t )e jct

v 2 (t ) Re[ g 2 (t )e jwct ]

K ( f fc ) K ( f fc )
2

v1 (t )

Input bandpass waveform

v 2 (t )

Output bandpass waveform

h1 (t )

Impulse response of the bandpass filter

H( f )

Frequency response of the bandpass filter

H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)

Eeng 360 2

Bandpass Filtering

Eeng 360 3

12G2fcGGf1*2*fVf1cfKcH
*f412G1c1f*0,.cKfGc1*fcG
V
2
21*KcfK*ccfK**cfcc
cc11
Bandpass Filtering

Theorem: The complex envelopes for the input, output, and impulse response of
a bandpass filter are related by
1
1
1
g 2 t g1 t k t ;
2
2
2

Also,

g1(t) complex envelope of input


k(t) complex envelope of impulse response

1
1
1
G2 f G1 f K f
2
2
2

Proof: Spectrum of the output is

Spectra of bandpass waveforms are related to that of their complex enveloped

But

1
1 *
1
1 *

1
1 *

G
f

G
f

f
K
f

f
K f fc
c
2
c
1
c
c
1
c
2 2

2
2
2

2
2

Eeng 360 4

12G
12G
f
2f
1f1
2K

Bandpass Filtering
Thus, we see that

Taking inverse fourier transform on both sides

1
1
1
g 2 t g1 t k t ;
2
2
2

Any bandpass filter may be described and analyzed by using an equivalent low-pass
filter.
Equations for equivalent LPF are usually much less complicated than those for
bandpass filters & so the equivalent LPF system model is very useful.

Eeng 360 5

fH
fejf 21H
H
dffATg
Linear Distortion

For distortionless transmission of bandpass signals, the channel transfer function


H(f)
should satisfy the following requirements:
The amplitude response is constant

A- positive constant

The derivative of the phase response is constant

Tg complex envelope delay

f H ( f ) 2fTd

f H ( f )

Integrating the above equation, we get

f 2fTg 0

0 phase shift constant

Are these requirements sufficient for distortionless transmission?

Eeng 360 6

Linear Distortion

Eeng 360 7

vtAxtTcostTAytTsintT

fA
v2ts
AxtTgxcAoecsjo
s2c
fv1t
H
H
ffTcgt
e0jy
jin
f

T
js

g
0
e
tt
c
ctfc
fcA
ytT
gin
Linear Distortion

The channel transfer function is

If the input to the bandpass channel is

2gcdgcd

Then the output to the channel (considering the delay Tg due to e

j 2fTg

v 2 t Ax t Tg cos c t Tg 0 Ay t Tg sin c t Tg 0

) is

Using f 2fTg 0 Tg 0

f H ( f ) 2fTd f c c Tg 0 2f c Td

Modulation on the carrier is delayed by Tg & carrier by Td

Bandpass filter
delays input info by
Tg , whereas the
carrier by Td

f c 2f c Td ; f c carrier phase shift Td phase delay

Eeng 360 8

vtn
txfnbc
v
xos
ccftcoys
tnfb
yfs1i
2cstinsinctfbtnfbfb2BT
c2
Bandpass Sampling Theorem

Theorem:

If a waveform has a non-zero spectrum only over the interval


, where
the transmission bandwidth BT is taken to be same as absolute BW, BT=f2-f1, then
the waveform may be reproduced by its sample values if the sampling rate is
f s 2 BT
Quadrature bandpass representation

Let fc be center of the bandpass:

fs
2bB
T

x(t) and y(t) are absolutely bandlimited to B=BT/2

The sampling rate required to represent the baseband signal is


Quadrature bandpass representation now becomes

Where
and
samples are independent , two sample values
are obtained for each value of n
Overall sampling rate for v(t):

Eeng 360 9

Bandpass Dimensionality Theorem


Assume that a bandpass waveform has a nonzero spectrum only over a frequency
interval
, where the transmission bandwidth B T is taken to be the absolute
bandwidth given by BT=f2-f1 and BT<<f1.

The waveform may be completely specified over a T0-second interval by N Independent


pieces of information. N is said to be the number of dimensions required to specify the
information.

N 2 BT T0

Eeng 360 10

ctn
srt
R
esgthj
rtRegtjctntt

Received Signal Pulse


Information
Signal g (t )
input
processing
m

s (t )

Carrier
circuits

Transmission
medium
(Channel)

r (t )

Carrier
circuits

g~ (t )

Signal
processing

~
m

The signal out of the transmitter

g(t) Complex envelope of v(t)

If the channel is LTI , then received signal + noise

Signal + noise at the receiver input

n(t) Noise at the receiver input

r t Re Ag t Tg e j ct f c n t

A gain of the channel

( f c ) - carrier phase shift caused by the channel, Tg channel group delay.

Signal + noise at the receiver input

Eeng 360 11

Nonlinear Distortion
Amplifiers

Non-linear

Linear

Circuits with memory and circuits with no


memory

Memory - Present output value ~ function of present input + previous input values
- contain L & C
No memory - Present output values ~ function only of its present input values.
Circuits : linear + no memory resistive ciruits
- linear + memory RLC ciruits (Transfer function)
Eeng 360 12

v0t
K
vit K
n
n
1
d
n! vi0
Nonlinear Distortion

Assume no memory Present output as a function of present input in t domain


If the amplifier is linear

K- voltage gain of the amplifier

In practice, amplifier output becomes saturated as the amplitude of


the input signal is increased.

vi
0

output-to-input characteristic (Taylors expansion):

v0 K 0 K 1vi K v K n vin
2
2 i

n 0

Where

K 0 - output dc offset level

K 1vi - 1st order (linear) term

K 2 vi2 - 2nd order (square law) term

Eeng 360 13

vouttV01cos(0tt1A)0siVn2c0ots20t2V3cos30t3
v
i
Nonlinear Distortion

Harmonic Distortion associated with the amplifier output:


Let the input test tone be represented by

To the amplifier input

Then the second-order output term is


2
2 i

K v

= K 2 A0 sin 0 t

K 2 A02
1 cos 2 0 t

2nd Harmonic K 2 A02


Distortion with 2

In general, for a single-tone input, the output will be

Vn peak value of the output at the frequency nf0

The Percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of an amplifier is defined by


2
V
n 2 n

THD(%)

V1

100

Eeng 360 14

2K
in
in
K
os
cos
2A
12s
1ts
2tt
2A
12c
1
2
1
2
Nonlinear Distortion

Intermodulation distortion (IMD) of the amplifier:

If the input (tone) signals are vi t A1 sin 1t A2 sin 2 t


Then the second-order output term is

K 2 A1 sin 1t A2 sn 2 t K 2 A12 sin 2 1t 2 A1 A2 sin 1t sin 2 t A22 sin 2 2 t


2

K 2 A12 sin 2 1t K 2 2 A1 A2 sin 1t sin 2 t K 2 A22 sin 2 2 t

Harmonic distortion at 2f1 & 2f2

IMD

Second-order IMD is:

Eeng 360 15

2
3K
s31in2
A
t1sin
t232K
in
1cosin2
3A
122s
2t
1t

sin2
2t
1
2t
Nonlinear Distortion

Third order term is

K 3 vi3 K 3 A1 sin 1t A2 sin 2 t

K 3 ( A13 sin 3 1t 3 A12 A2 sin 2 1t sin 2 t


3 A1 A22 sin 1t sin 2 2 t A23 sin 3 2 t )

The second term (cross-product) is

The third term is

3K 3 A1 A22 sin 1t sin 2 2 t

3
1

K 3 A1 A22 sin 1t sin 2 2 1 t sin 2 2 1 t


2
2

Intermodulation terms at nonharmonic frequencies

For bandpass amplifiers, where f1 & f2 are within the pasband, f1 close to f2,
the distortion products at 2f1+f2 and 2f2+f1 ~ outside the passband
Main Distortion Products
Eeng 360 16

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