EEE3233

POWER SYSTEM

CHAPTER 3:
3-Phase System and Power Concept

Noorlina Mohd Zainuddin

Introduction
 The generation, transmission and
distribution of electric power is
accomplished by means of three-phase
circuit.
 At the generating station, three sinusoidal
voltage have equal magnitude and an
equal 1200-phase difference between any
two phase.
 This is called a balanced source.
 Positive phase sequence when the voltages
reaches their peak value in the sequential ABC
 Negative phase sequence when the phase is
order is ACB.
EBn
ECn

EAn
EAn

EBn ECn

Positive or ABC phase sequence Negative or ACB phase sequence

Y-Connected Load

A Y-connecter generator supplying a Y-connected load.

 Y-Connected Load (cont.)

 Assume a positive sequence to find the relationship

between the line voltage (line-to-line voltage) and
phase voltage (line-to-neutral voltage).
 Line –to-neutral voltage of the phase is chosen as a
reference.

|Vp|= magnitude of phase voltage

 Y-Connected Load (cont.)

 The line voltages at the load terminals in terms of the

phase voltage are found by application of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law.
 Y-Connected Load (cont.)

 Comparison of these line-to-line voltages with the line-to-

neutral voltages of leads to the following conclusion:
In balanced three-phase Y-connected system with positive-
sequence source, the line-to-line voltage are √3 times the line-
to-neutral voltages and lead by 30°. That is;

Vab = √3Van +30°

Vbc = √3Vbn +30°

Vca = √3Vcn +30°

 Y-Connected Load (cont.)
 The relationship between the line voltage and phase
voltage is shown as below:

Vab
Vbn

Vbc
Van
Vcn
Vca

Phasor diagram showing phase and line voltages Voltages Triangle

 Y-Connected Load (cont.)
 RMS value of any of the line voltages is denoted by VL,
then one of the important characteristic of the Y-connected
tree-phase load may be expressed as

 Three-phase current also possess three-phase symmetry

and are given by

IL = IP
 ∆-Connected Loads
 A balanced ∆-connected load (with equal phase
impedances) is shown in below:

 Line voltage are the same as phase voltages.

∆-Connected Loads (cont.)
 The phase current Iab is chosen as reference
Ip = magnitude of
phase current

 The relationship between phase and line currents can be

obtained by applying Kirchhoff’s current law at the
corner of ∆.
 ∆-Connected Loads (cont.)

 The RMS of any of the line currents and phase is

denoted by IL

 The magnitude of line current is √3 times the

magnitude of the phase current, and the line currents
lags of phase currents by 30°.
 ∆-Connected Loads (cont.)

 The relationship between the line currents and

phase currents is showing in phase diagram.
∆-Y Transformation
 For analyzing network problems, it is convenient to
replace the ∆-connected circuit with an equivalent Y-
connected circuit.
 Consider the Y-connected circuit of ZY Ω/phase which
is equivalent to a balanced ∆-connected circuit of Z ∆
Ω/phase.

∆-connection Y-connection
∆-Y Transformation(cont.)
 For ∆-connected circuit

(1)

 From the phasor diagram, the relationship between

balanced phase and line-to-line voltage;
(2)
 ∆-Y Transformation(cont.)
 Substituting eq.(2) into eq.(1), we get

(3)
or
(4)

 For Y-connected circuit, we have

(5)

 Substituting eq.(4) into eq.(5), we find that

(6)