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REDOX
Introduction
Molar Mass
Ionisation
Energy
Subshells
e-
e-
ee
e-
Dalton (1805)
Thomson (1897)
Rutherford (1909)
Atoms
Electrons
Bohr
(1913)
Moseley (1913)
Chadwick (1932)
12
Mass Number:
Atomic Number:
12
13
14
12 6 = 6 neutrons
13 6 = 7 neutrons
14 6 = 8 neutrons
Ions
56
56
26
26
2+
56
3+
Fe Fe Fe
26
gmol-1
Br
79
49%
Br
81
X(g) e- + X+(g)
Boron
Li(g) Li+(g) + e-
Fluorine
B(g) B+(g) + e-
F(g) F+(g) + e-
801 kJmol-1
1681 kJmol-1
520 kJmol-1
As you move across the period table the atomic radius of the
atoms
decreases
The nuclear charge increases
This increases the nuclear attraction on the outer electrons, so
more
energy is required to remove them
(Shielding remains the same as all the atoms have the same
Potassium
Li(g) Li+(g) + e-
Caesium
K(g) K+(g) + e-
Cs(g) Cs+(g) + e-
419 kJmol-1
376 kJmol-1
520 kJmol-1
We also need to be able to explain this trend using the terms atomic
radius, nuclear charge, shielding and finally nuclear attraction
As you move down the period table the atomic radius of the
atoms
increases
Shielding also increases as the atoms have more shells
Therefore nuclear attraction on the outer electrons decreases,
so less energy
is required to remove them
despite the fact that nuclear charge increases
First I.E
Mg(g) e- + Mg+(g)
Second I.E
Mg
Third I.E
(g)
e + Mg
-
2+
783 kJmol
1451 kJmol-1
(g)
7733 kJmol-1
Mg2+(g) e- + Mg3+(g)
10541 kJmol-1
Fourth I.E
Mg3+(g) e- + Mg4+(g)
Fifth I.E
Mg4+(g) e- + Mg5+(g)
Sixth I.E
Mg5+(g) e- + Mg6+(g)
Seventh I.E
Mg6+(g) e- + Mg7+(g)
big
jump!
big
jump!
Energy
2+
1+
3+
Mg
tron is
c
e
l
e
d
ir
inner
The th
n
a
m
ed fro
remov
shell
nuclear attraction
g trend
in
s
a
re
c
in
e
th
Explaining
jumps
e
th
g
in
in
la
p
x
E
Orbitals
finition: A region of a molecule which can hold a pair of electrons with opposite
ere are 4 different types of orbital s,p,d and f each with their own shape
Orbitals are often represented as boxes, the electrons
they contain as arrows, each with opposite spin
Energy
6p
6d
6f
5s
5p
5d
5f
4s
4p
4d
4f
3s
3p
3d
2s
2p
1s
3s
2
2s
6s
1s
O is in period 2...
it is in the p block
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
Having a half
filled or fully
filled 3d
subshell
makes Cr and
Cu more
stable
4s1