English grammar

1.2 A short responses to yes/no

questions
Questions

Short responses/answer

Does this book belong

to you?

Yes, it does
No, it doesnt

Did Jack tell you the

news ?

Yes, he did
No, he didnt

Will Sue be here

tomorrow ?

Yes, she will

No, she wont

Are you a student?

Yes, I am
No, I m not

A short response has

the same auxiliary.
In negative not is
usually contracted with
the verb:
Does+not = doesnt

Questions

Short responses/answer

Are you student?

Yes, I am
No, Im not

Is Bonnie at home ?

Yes, she is
No, She isnt
No, Shes not

Are the student is in

class

Was Alex at the party?

Yes, they are

No, they are not
No, theyre not

If be is used in the
question, be is in the
short response.
If is or are is used in a
negative response,
there are two possible
contractions

Yes, he was
No, he wasnt

1.3 Question Words

When

Question
Answer
When did they arrive?

Asking time

When will you come?

Yesterday
Next Monday

Where

Where is he ?

At home

Asking a place

Why

Why did you stay at

home?

Because he was
sick

Aking a reason

How

How does he drive?

How did you come to
school?

Carefully
By bus

Asking manner
Asking the
method

How

Question
HowAnswer
much money does it
cost?
How old are you?
How cold is it?
How soon can you get
there?
How fast were you
driving?
How long have you been
here?
How often do you write
home?
How far is it to Miami
from here?

Who

Who can answer that

question?
Who came to visit you?

Ten dollars
Twelve
Ten below zero
In ten minutes
Fifty miles an
hour
Two years
Every week
500 miles

I can

How is used with

much and
money
How is used with
adjective and
adverb

Asking length of
time
Asking frequency
Asking the
distance

Asking the
subject

Jane and Eric

4

Whom

Question
Answer
Who(m)
did you see?
Who(m) are you visiting?
Who(m) should I talk to?

Whose
What

Whose book did you

borrow?
Whose
key isyou
this?
What made
angry?
(Whose
is this?)
What went
wrong?
What do you need?
What did Alice buy?
What classes are you
taking?
What programs do you
like on TV?

I saw George
My relatives
The secretary

Whom is used as
the ob jec of a
verb or
proposition. In
spoken english,
whom is rarely
used.

Davids
Its mine
His rudeness
Everything
A pencil
Abook
Chemistry and
English
The news
specials

Asking the
possession
Subject
Object
What sometimes
accompanies a
noun

Question
Which

I have
Which
Which
Which

two pens.
pen do you want?
one do you want?
do you want?

Which countries did he

visit on his trip?
What coutries did he visit
on his trip?

Answer
The blue one

Which is used
instead of what a
question
concerns
choosing from a
definite, known
quantity or
group

Which class are you in?

What class are you in?

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Yes/No information questions
Statement
Main verb

Question word

She lives there.

He is living there
They have lived
there

Auxiliary Verb

Does she
Where does she
Is
he
Where is
he

Subject

live
there ?
live ?
living
there?
living ?

Have they lived

there ?
Where have they lived ?
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English Grammar
Statement Question word
Subject Main verb

John lives there.

lives there?
Mary came
came ?
Jim was there.
Where

Auxiliary Verb

Who
Who
was

Jim ?

2-2 USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY

Singular verb
Some of the books is good
Some of the books are good
Plural verb
A lot of the equipment is new

A lot of my friends are here

The number of students in this

class is 15

A number of students were late

2-3
USING
SINGULAR
WORDS
Every student
Every and each
has been invited.
Every man,
woman, and
child needs love
and
understanding.
Everybody is
here

requires singular
verbs
Noun following
every and each
should be
singular
Everybody and
10
everyone always

2-5 Some irregularities

Singular
Plural
The news is
increasing

Those people are News = singular

from Canada
The united states
= singular
The united states The police have Police = plural
been called
is a big country
Eight hours of
Expression of
sleep is enough
time,money,and
Each of the
distance are
students has a
usually singular
schedule
Everyone,
Everybody is
everybody is
11
here
singular

Singular
Plural
Eight hours of
sleep is enough.
Ten dollars is too
much to pay.
Five thousand
miles is too far to
travel.
Mathematics is
easy for her
Statistics is a
The statistics in
field of study
that report are
not accurate

Expression of
time, money,
and distance are
usually singular.

Noun ending in
ics take singular
verbs when they
refer to an area
of study, e.g..
Physics,
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economics,

Singular
Plural
Chinese is a
difficult language
French is spoken
in many
countries

The Chinese are

kind and friendly
The French are
famous for their
good wine
The poor have
many problems
The rich get
richer

Chinese =
language
The
Chinese=people
Sometimes a
word that is
usually an
adjective is used
as anoun
refering to
people that has
this quality
13

Pat III Some singular-Plural

usage
nouns
2-10
Irregular
noun plurals
Baby babies
Duty - duties
Landlady - landladies
Wife wives
Thief thieves
Shelf - shelves
Dish dishes
Churche churches
Class classes
14

Box boxes
Tomato tomatoes
Hero heroes
Mosquito
mosquitoes
Child children
Foot feet
Goose geese
Louse lice
Man men
Mouse mice

15

Tooth teeth
Woman women
Deer deer
Fish fish
Sheep sheep
Species species
Means means
Series series
Analysis analyses
Basis bases
Crisis crises
Thesis theses
Hypothesis
hypotheses
Parinthesis -

Singular form is the

same as plural form

16

Datum data
Bacterium bacteria
Nucleus nuclei
Radius radii
Formula formulae
Vita vitae
Indixes indices
Appendix appendices

17

2-12 USING A FEW AND FEW, ALITTLE AND

LITTLE
COUNT
NONCOUNT
She has been I am very
A few and few
here only for
pleased. Ive
are used with
two weeks, but been able to
plural count
she has
save a little
noun
already made money this
a few friends. month.
A little and
(positive idea : (positive idea : little are used
she has made I have saved
with plural
some friends) some money
noncount
instead of
noun.
spending all of
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it)

COUN NOUN
I feel sorry for
her. She has
few friends.
(Negative
idea : she does
have many
friends: she
has almost no
friends)

NON
COUNTNOUN
I have little
money. I dont
even have
enough money
to buy food for
dinner.
(Negative idea:
I do not have
much money. I
have almost no
money.)

Few and little

give a
negative idea;
they indicate
that something
is largely
absent.
(Often few and
little are
preceded by
very :
She has very
few friends 19

ENGLISH VERB TENSES

3-4 SIMPLE TENSES
TENSES

EXAMPLE

SIMPLE PRESENT

It snows in
Alaska
I watch television
every day

Expressing
events or
situations that
exist always,
usually,
habitually

SIMPLE PAST

It snowed
yesterday
I watched
television last
night

Something
happened in the
past

SIMPLE FUTURE

It will snow

MEANING

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This will happen

3-5 THE PROGRESSIVE (CONTINUOUS)TENSES

PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

He is sleeping
right now

PAST
PROGRESSIVE

He was sleeping
right when I
arrived

FUTURE
PROGRESIFE

He will be
sleeping when
we arrive

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3-6 THE PERFECT TENSES

PRESENT
PERFECT
PAST PERFECT

I have already
eaten
I had already
eaten when they
arrived
FUTURE PERFECT I will already
have eaten when
they arrive

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3-6 PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

I have been studying for

two hours

PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

I had been studying for

two hours before my
friend came

FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

I will have been studying

for two hours before my
friend come

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VERBS USUALLY NOT USED IN ANY OF

PROGRESSIVE TENSES
Be
I am hungry
Senses
hear
I hear a noise
taste
This food tastes
smell
good
see
I smell gas
I see a butterfly
Mental activity
know
I know his phone
believe
number
think
I believe his story
understand
I think he is a kind
recognize
man
remember
I dont recognize
mean
them
I remember my first

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POSSESIONS
Posses
Own
have
Belong
ATTITUDES
Want
Prefer
Need
Appreciate
Love
Like
Hate
Dislike
Seem
Look
Appear

He posseses many
things
She owns a house
She has a car
This belongs to me
I want to leave now
He prefers to stay
here
I need some help
I appreciate your
help
I love my family
I like this hotel
She hates
dishonesty
I dislike this book

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4. The Passive
ACTIVE
Mary helps John
Mary is helping
John
Mary helped John
Mary was helping
John
Mary had helped
John
Mary will help
John
Mary is going to
help John
Mary will have
helped John

PASSIVE
John is helped by Mary
John is being helped by
Mary
John was helped by Mary
John was being helped by
Mary
John had been helped by
Mary
John will be helped by
Mary
John is going to be helped
by Mary
John will have been
helped by Mary

26

USING USED TO AND BE USED TO/BE ACCUSTOMED

TO
Jack used to live in Chicago
Mary is used to living in a cold
climate
Mary is accustomed to living in
a cold climate
Mary is used to (accustomed
to)cold weather
When Bob moved to Italy, he
got used to (got accustmed to)
Italian food quickly

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MODAL AUXILIARIES -I
5-1 Verb forms following modal
auxiliaries
1) Modal forms following Modal auxiliaries
can
I can do it
could
I could do it
had better
You had better do it
may
He may do it
might
She might do it
must
He must do it
shall
Mark shall do it
should
Mark should do it
will
Barb will do it
would
I would do it.

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5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY : CAN, COULD

2) MODAL FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE (TO +
SIMPLE FORM)
have to
I have to do it
have got to
We have got to
do it
ought to
She ought to do
it

29

5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY : CAN, COULD

She can speak English
Fish cannot survive out of
water

Can = is able to (present)

He can come tomorrow

We cant go on vacation
until next month

Can = will be able to

(future)

I could speak German

when I was a child.
I couldnt open the
window, it was stuck.

Could = was able to (past)

30

5-3 GIVING PERMISSION : CAN, MAY

FORMAL
INFORMAL
When you finish Im quite ready to go,
the test, you may but you can leave if
leave
yourre in a hurry. Ill
meet you there
You may pay the Sure! You can borrow
bill
either
in five bucks from me.
person or by mail You can pay me back
later. QUESTIONS
5-4 ASKING POLITE
Questions with I as the subject
May I
May I (please) borrow your
pen ?
Could I
Could I borrow your pen
please ?
Can I
Can I borrow your pen?

May I and
Could I, they
are equally
polite
31

QUESTION WITH YOU AS THE

SUBJECT
Would you
Would you pass the
salt please?
Will you
Will you please pass
the salt ?

Could you
salt ?
Can you
salt ?

Could you pass the

Can you pass the

The degree of
politeness
depends on
the speakers
tone of voice.
Could you and
would you
have the
same
meaning.
Can you is
sometimes
32
used

5-5 USING WOULD YOU MIND

ASKING PERMISSION
Would you mind if I close
the window?
The answer : No
Not at all

The meaning :
May I close the window?
It is all right if I close the
window
Will it cause you any
trouble if I close the
window?

ASKING SOMEONE ELSE

TO DO SOMETHING.
Would you mind closing the
window?
The answer : No, Id be
happy to
Not at all.
Id be glad

The meaning :
I dont want to cause you
any trouble, but would
you please close the
window
Would that cause you any
inconvenience
33

5-6 EXPRESSING ADVISABILITY:SHOULD, OUGHT

TO, HAD BETTER
I should lose some weight
I ought to lose some
weight
You should study harder
You ought to study harder
You shouldnt leave your
key in the car.
The gas tank is almost
empty. We had better stop
at the next service
station.
You had better take care
of that cut on your hand,
or it will get infected

Meaning : This is good

idea. This is good advice
Ought to is pronounced
otta

Had better is usually close

to ought to, or should,
but had better ils usually
stronger
34

5-10 EXPRESSION NECESSITY USING MUST AND HAVE TO

IN THE NEGATIVE

Proh You must not look in the

ibiti closet. Your birthday present
on
is hidden there.
I must not forget to take my
key with me.
You must not tell anyone my
secret. Do you promise ?

Must not =
prohibition=
dont do this.
Looking in the
closet is
prohibited

Lack I dont have to study to night.

of
I think Ill watch television for
nece a while.
ssity
Tomorrow is a holiday. We
dont have to go to class

Do not have to =
lack of necessity
It is not
necessary for me
to study tonight.
I have already
finished my
homework.

I can hear you. You dont

have to shout.

35

5-11 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

Shut the door
Shut the door, please.
Please shut the door.

To tell someone to do
something
They are used to give
orders or to make requests
Dont shut the door
Please is often added to
Dont shut the door,
make polite request
please.
instead of giving the
Please dont shut the door orders.
Dont + simple form of
verbs
Sometime wont you is
added as a tag question to
make a polite request.
Be careful! Youll hurt
36
yourself.

5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS :LETS, WHY DONT

WE, SHALL I/WE
Lets go to a movie
Lets = let us
Lets not go to a movie. Lets Lets is followed by the
stay home instead
simple form of a verb.
The meaning of Lets =
I have a suggestion for
us.
Why dont we go to a
movie ?
Why dont you come around
seven?
Why dont I give Mary a call ?
Shall I open the window ?
Shall we leave at five ?

The same meaning

with : lets go to movie.
I suggest that you
come around seven.

The speaker is basically

making a suggestion 37
and asking other

5-13 USING DO FOR EMPHASIS

Do you speak Spanish?
No, I dont speak Spanish,
but I did speak French.
The teacher thinks I didnt
study for the test, but
thats not true. I did study !
You did tell me to be here
at ten, didnt you ?
Class does begin at nine,
doesnt it ?

38