PAINTS

Definition
1-A colored substance that is spread over a surface and dries to leave a thin
decorative or protective coating.
2-a. A liquid mixture, usually of a solid pigment in a liquid vehicle, used as a
decorative or protective coating.
b. The thin dry film formed by such a mixture when applied to a surface.
c. The solid pigment before it is mixed with a vehicle.
3. A cosmetic, such as rouge, that is used to give color to the face;

Composition
Basic Composition of Paint
Solvents (Liquids)
Pigments
Resins (Binder)

Additives

cont
Liquid
In the most basic sense, the liquid
component
of a
paint
is
simply
responsible for transporting the binder
and pigment to the substrate surface. The
type of liquid depends upon the other
components of the given paint. Oil-based
paints, for example, can use a basic paint
thinner as the primary liquid. Latex-based
paints, on the other hand, tend to use
water as their liquid.

cont
Pigment

A paints pigment plays a large role in

determining color and appearance.
Some pigments also provide added bulk,
helping to thicken paint when needed.In
its unmixed form, a pigment is simply a
powder.
There
are
two
general
categories of pigments: prime and
extender.

cont
Prime Pigments

Prime pigments are mainly responsible for color

or whiteness in a paint, as well as the paints
ability to hide undesirable surface flaws. In
paints that exhibit a white hue, titanium dioxide
is the main ingredient. In paints the express
other colors, the pigments are selected to
absorb only certain kinds of light, thus yielding a
given color. Organic pigments yield the brightest
colors, while inorganic pigments yield less bright
but more durable colors.

cont
Prime Pigments
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
provides excellent hiding power and whiteness
available as a solid (powder) or liquid (slurry)

.
Titanium dioxide is the world's
primary pigment for providing
whiteness, brightness and opacity

cont
Extender Pigments
Extender pigments are designed to add
bulk, but are not as well-suited to hiding
surface flaws as prime pigments. They do,
however, influence the paints overall sheen,
color retention, and abrasion resistance.
Silica and silicates, for example, are
extender pigments that increase the paints
durability. Zinc oxide helps prevent mildew
and corrosion, and is especially useful in
outdoor applications.

cont
Extender Pigments

Zinc Oxide
controls mildew
resists ultra-violet light
resists yellowing

cont
Binder(RESIN)

In a paint mixture, the binder is responsible for providing

adhesion, binding the pigment, and also gives the paint
resistance properties which make the final coating tough
and durable. The binder itself is clear and glossy, but the
presence of pigment interferes with this quality.
Depending on the ratio of pigment to binder, or the PVC
(pigment volume concentration) the paint can assume
varying levels of glossy finish. Paints with the glossiest
finish often have a typical PVC of 15 percent, while the
most matte paints have a PVC anywhere from 40 to 80
percent. Paints with less gloss have more binder per unit
of pigment, and tend to be more durable. There are two
specific types of binder: oil-based and latex-based.

cont
Oil-Based Binder
Oil-based paint requires a binder that has
similar properties to the paintin this case,
the binder oxidizes or dries when exposed to
air, hardening along with the rest of the paint.
Once applied, the liquid factor of an oil-based
paint evaporates, and the binder then reacts
with the air to harden into place with the
pigment. However, sometimes this process
can result in over-dry, brittle paint, and
chipping can occur. Additionally, the oxidation
makes the paint prone to yellowing.

cont
Latex-Based Binder
Latex-based paints actually do not possess latexrather,
the binder that is used (plastic-like in nature) creates a
film in the paint that resembles natural latex rubber.
Almost all water-based paints have a latex-based binder.
When the coating is applied, water evaporates from the
paint, leaving behind a film of pigment and latex-based
binder, which bind together into one continuous coating.
The process by which the binder and pigment are fused
is called coalescence. However, because the binding
agent is thermoplastic, it cannot be applied at too low a
temperature or the binder will be too hard and difficulty
will arise during fusing. Common types of latex-based
binder include acrylic and vinyl

cont
Additives
When certain properties needs to be manipulated
or enhanced, additives are often the solution.
Thickners, for example are additives that help
thicken the paint to make application easier.
Surfactants help disperse pigments with in the
paint ensuring the coat is even and stays in place.
Co-solvents help the binder film formation and help
prevent paint damage from occuring if the paint is
frozen.Co-solvents also make application easier by
lengthening the amount of time the paint can be
open before beginning to set.

Property of paints.
There are a number of ways to judge paint
quality:
Wear ability
Covering ability
Ease of cleaning
Environmentally Friendly
Aesthetic
Practical and Cost Effective

cont
1. Wear ability:
Paint must be resistant to the
wear and tear of the atmosphere
and should maintain its color,
smoothness and finish for a long
time.

cont
2. Covering ability:
Paints should cover the body
uniformly and homogeneously on
which it is applied and the finish
should be smooth and uniform.

cont
3. Ease of cleaning:
When it is required to clean the
paint, it should be easy to remove
i.e A good paint should not react
chemically with the materials but
should only cover its surface.

cont
4. Environmentally Friendly:
Paint should be water based and
must not have any plasticizers
or biocides as solvents.

cont
5. Aesthetic:
It should provide a comfortable
room climate and must not
allow moulds and algae to grow
on it.

cont
6. Practical and cost effective:
The other qualities of a good paint are that they must be
cheap, ready to use, long lasting and should color fast. In
most cases Price is the decisive factor in selection of paints

An economic method of surface protection and

preservation to building materials and
components.
An economic method of surface decoration to
building materials and components.

Purpose of Painting

Paints may be used for many purposes.

The main purposes of paint are
to provide Decoration to Interiors
and Exteriors of a Building
to enhance the interior and exterior of
a building by adding pigments, lightness
or darkness
Reflective surfaces can also be
obtained
Now a days textures are also added for
different designs

contpurpose

Protective Layer
Paint are used to protect the outer surfaces
of a building or metals to protect them
against
Sunlight
Dampness
Dust
Abrasion
Weathering

contpurpose
Ease of Cleaning
To provide easily cleanable surfaces
To keep the substrates clean and tidy

The Manufacturing Process

The Manufacturing Process

1-Making the paste
Pigment manufacturers send bags of
fine grain pigments to paint plants.
There, the pigment is premixed with
resin (a wetting agent that assists in
moistening the pigment), one or more
solvents, and additives to form a
paste.

cotManufacturing Process
2-Dispersing the pigment
The paste mixture for most industrial and some
consumer paints is now routed into a sand mill, a large
cylinder that agitates tiny particles of sand or silica to
grind the pigment particles, making them smaller and
dispersing them throughout the mixture. The mixture is
then filtered to remove the sand particles.
Instead of being processed in sand mills, up to 90
percent of the water-based latex paints designed for use
by individual homeowners are instead processed in a
high-speed dispersion tank. There, the premixed paste is
subjected to high-speed agitation by a circular, toothed
blade attached to a rotating shaft. This process blends
the pigment into the solvent

cotManufacturing Process
3-Thinning the paste
Whether created by a sand mill or a
dispersion tank, the paste must now
be thinned to produce the final
product. Transferred to large kettles, it
is agitated with the proper amount of
solvent for the type of paint desired.

cotManufacturing Process
4-Canning the paint
The finished paint product is then pumped into the
canning room. For the standard 8 pint (3.78 liter)
paint can available to consumers, empty cans are
first rolled horizontally onto labels, then set upright
so that the paint can be pumped into them. A
machine places lids onto the filled cans, and a
second machine presses on the lids to seal them.
From wire that is fed into it from coils, a bailometer
cuts and shapes the handles before hooking them
into holes precut in the cans. A certain number of
cans (usually four) are then boxed and stacked
before being sent to the warehouse.

cotManufacturing Process
Canning the paint

cotManufacturing Process
5-Quality Control
Paint manufacturers utilize an extensive
array of quality control measures. The
ingredients and the manufacturing process
undergo stringent tests, and the finished
product is checked to inure that it is of high
quality. A finished paint is inspected for its
density, fineness of grind, dispersion, and
viscosity. Paint is then applied to a surface
and studied for bleed resistance, rate of
drying, and texture.

cotManufacturing Process

In terms of the paint's aesthetic components, color

is checked by an experienced observer and by
spectral analysis to see if it matches a standard
desired color. Resistance of the color to fading
caused by the elements is determined by exposing a
portion of a painted surface to an arc light and
comparing the amount of fading to a painted surface
that was not so exposed. The paint's hiding power is
measured by painting it over a black surface and a
white surface. The ratio of coverage on the black
surface to coverage on the white surface is then
determined, with .98 being

cotManufacturing Process

high-quality paint. Gloss is measured by determining

the amount of reflected light given off a painted
surface.
Tests to measure the paint's more functional qualities
include one for mar resistance, which entails
scratching or abrading a dried coat of paint. Adhesion
is tested by making a crosshatch, calibrated to .07
inch (2 millimeters), on a dried paint surface. A piece
of tape is applied to the crosshatch, then pulled off;
good paint will remain on the surface. Scrubbability is
tested by a machine that rubs a soapy brush over the
paint's surface.

cotManufacturing Process

A system also exists to rate settling. An excellent

paint can sit for six months with no settling and rate
a ten. Poor paint, however, will settle into an
immiscible lump of pigment on the bottom of the
can and rate a zero. Weathering is tested by
exposing the paint to outdoor conditions. Artificial
weathering exposes a painted surface to sun, water,
extreme temperature, humidity, or sulfuric gases.
Fire retardancy is checked by burning the paint and
determining its weight loss. If the amount lost is
more than 10 percent, the paint is not considered
fire-resistant.

cotManufacturing Process
Byproducts/Waste
A recent regulation (California Rule 66) concerning
the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
affects the paint industry, especially
manufacturers of industrial oil-based paints. It is
estimated that all coatings, including stains and
varnishes, are responsible for 1.8 percent of the
2.3 million metric tons of VOCs released per year.
The new regulation permits each liter of paint to
contain no more than 250 grams (8.75 ounces) of
solvent. Paint manufacturers can replace the
solvents with pigment, fillers, or

cotManufacturing Process
Byproducts/Waste
other solids inherent to the basic paint formula.
This method produces thicker paints that are
harder to apply, and it is not yet known if such
paints are long lasting. Other solutions include
using paint powder coatings that use no
solvents, applying paint in closed systems from
which VOCs can be retrieved, using water as a
solvent, or using acrylics that dry under
ultraviolet light or heat. A consumer with some
unused paint on hand can return it to the point
of purchase for proper treatment.

cotManufacturing Process
Byproducts/Waste
A large paint manufacturer will have an in-house
waste water treatment facility that treats all liquids
generated on-site, even storm water run-off. The
facility is monitored 24 hours a day, and the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does a
periodic records and systems check of all paint
facilities. The liquid portion of the waste is treated
on-site to the standards of the local publicly owned
wastewater treatment facility; it can be used to make
low-quality paint. Latex sludge can be retrieved and
used as fillers in other industrial products. Waste
solvents can be recovered and

cont Manufacturing Process

Byproducts/Waste
used as fuels for other industries. A
clean paint container can be reused or
sent to the local landfill.

cont Manufacturing Process

Byproducts/Waste
used as fuels for other industries. A
clean paint container can be reused or
sent to the local landfill.

CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
(1)Oil Paints:
The oil paints are very widely and commonly
used for painting wooden and metallic
surfaces in all kinds of engineering, industrial
and other decorative works. In these paints
various oils like linseed oil, poppy oil and
castor oil etc are used as carrier. These
paints are available in different coolers and
under different trade names. While using
these paints it is proper to give two to three
coatings so as to obtain good results.

Contd....
(2) Plastic Paints:
In addition to other ingredients this paint
contains the requisite amount of plastic.
That is why; all such paints are known as
plastic paints. Plastic paints are used
wherever high-class work is required, such
as sophisticated buildings, show-rooms,
theatres and auditoriums. They can be
easily applied on the plastered walls.

Contd....
(3)Cement Paints:
The cement paint essentially consists of White Cement
(about 70%), Hydrated Lime (about 15%),Pigments
(about 5 to 8%), Sodium or Calcium chloride as the
hygroscopic salts (about 5%) and small amount of
about 1% aluminum. These paints are made available
in powder form. Water is added to the paint just
before use. It is necessary to mix the paint from time
to time while using it. The plastered surface to be
painted, like walls etc are first made wet. As the
painted surface dries, waterish again sprinkled over it
for proper setting of the paint. Cement paints mainly
used over the plastered surfaces.

Contd....
(4) Bituminous Paints:
Bituminous paints are prepared by
dissolving bitumen in petroleum or
other solvent oil. These
blackcoloured paints leave hard,
tough and elastic surfaces. These
are highly resistant to water and are
specially used for submerged iron
and steel structures.

Contd....
. (5) Water Paints:
A water paint is the mixture of pigment,
binder, drier and water (the
carrier).Casein is the most common
binder used in these paints. A variety of
pigments aroused to obtain different
colors. These paints are cheap, easily
workable and also washable when
properly set. They also give a good finish
and are suitable for the inside walls.

Contd....
(6) Distemper Paints:
Distemper consists of chalk (finely powdered),pigment
and glue (animal glue). These are in powder form
and available in a large variety of attractive shades.
Sometimes these are available in the form of paste
also (with the addition of linseed oil). These are
mixed with water at the time of use and applied on
the plastered surfaces (like walls, ceilings etc) with
brushes. These may be considered as superior
quality water paints. However they give a better
finish and are long-lasting. They are suitable for
high-class interior decorative finishing work on the
walls and ceilings of all kinds of buildings.

Contd....
(7) VARNISH
Consists of a solution of resins in a drying oil. Varnish
contains little or no pigment. It dries and hardens by
evaporation of the volatile solvents, oxidation of the oil,
or both.
Varnish is recommended for both outdoor and indoor
applications where a hard, glossy finish that is
impervious to moisture is desired.
For a satin finish, the gloss varnish surface can be
rubbed down with steel wool, or a "satin" varnish can be
used.
As a floor finish, varnish provides a hard, durable film
that will not greatly alter the tone of the wood.

Contd....
(8)-ENAMEL

Enamel is a varnish with pigments added.

Enamel has the same basic durability and
toughness of a good varnish. It produces
an easy to-clean surface, and in the proper
formulation, can be used for interior and
exterior applications. For the highest
quality interior work,an undercoat is
required.

Contd....
(9)-LATEX PAINT
Consists of a dispersion of fine particles of
synthetic resin and pigment in water.
Latex paints are quickdrying, low in odor and
thinned with water. They permit the repainting
and decorating of a room within a day. Because
latex paints set quickly, tools, equipment and
spattered areas should be cleaned promptly with
warm, soapy water.

Contd....
No special primer is required for interior
applications except over bare metal or wood, or
over highly alkaline surfaces. Spot-priming with
shellac should be avoided because shiny spots
will bleed through the latex film.
Exterior latex house paint can be applied directly
to old painted surfaces. On new wood, it should
be applied over a primer. For other surfaces,
follow specific label directions

Contd....
(10)-ALKYDS
Alkyd finishes are produced in four sheens: flat,
semigloss, lowluster and highgloss. Flat finishes
have a velvety texture and are used to produce a
rich, softly reflective surface. Alkyd flats can often
be applied to painted walls and ceilings, metal,
fully cured plaster, wallboard and woodwork
without a priming.
When required, the primer should be of a similar
material. For high alkaline surfaces, an alkali
resistant primer should be used.

Contd....
Semigloss or lowluster types add just
enough sheen to woodwork and trim for
contrast with flatfinished wall surfaces.
Each offers great resistance to wear and
washing. Lowluster enamels are preferred
in such areas as kitchens, bathrooms,
nurseries and schoolrooms.
Alkyd highgloss enamels are often used
for even greater serviceability and wash
ability.

Contd....
(11)-EPOXY
A two-part formulation which is thoroughly
mixed just before use. Epoxy finishes are
extremely hard and durable and excellent for
demanding applications.
They can be used for protecting materials such
as steel, aluminum and fiber glass. The paint
film dries to a brilliant gloss. The tile-like finish
is smooth, easy to clean and lasts for years
under the most severe conditions

Contd....
(12)- POLYESTER-EPOXY
Twocomponent materials that are usually mixed
prior to application. Polyesterepoxy combines the
physical toughness, adhesion and chemical
resistance of an epoxy with the color retention
and permanent clarity of polyester. The film is
stain resistant and moisture resistant.
Polyesterepoxy is available in gloss and semi
gloss sheens, and can be applied to any firm
interior surface. Pot life is a full working day.

Contd....
(13)-URETHANE-MODIFIED ALKYDS
One-component finishing material for
outstanding abrasion resistance on wood
floors, furniture, paneling, cabinets, etc.
Good resistance to normal household
materials such as alcohol, water, grease,
etc.
It may yellow to some degree with age.

Contd....
(14)-ALUMINUM PAINT
An allpurpose aluminum paint formulated
with varnish as the vehicle for aluminum
flake pigment. As the paint dries, the
aluminum flakes float to the surface,
providing a reflective coating. Highly
resistant to weathering. Also suitable for
interior use on wood,metal or masonry.
When formulated with an asphalt base,
aluminum paint offers maximum adhesion
and water resistance at low cost when
applied to asphalt composition.

Project

information

CUSTOMER
NEEDS
DETERMINE
COATING
SYSTEM

DETERMINE
SURFACE
PREPARATION

EVALUATE
THE
ENVIRONMENT

EVALUATE
SERVICE
REQUIREMENTS

EVALUATE
EXISTING SURFACE
CONDITIONS

55

What are the Goals of Surface

Preparation?
To provide a surface suitable for painting by:

Removing contamination

Providing a surface profile

Removing or smoothing irregularities

(pits, projections, sharp edges)

Removing tightly bound mill scale & rust

56

What Surfaces Require Preparation?

Iron and Steel

Galvanized Metal
Aluminum
Copper
Miscellaneous metals
Pre-Coated Metal Siding
Previously Painted

57

Coating
Principal type of coating
1-Paints
2-Stains
3-Varnishes

58

Function /Purpose
Economic method of surface protection and preservation to building materials and components.
An economic method of surface decoration to building materials and components.

59

How does paint Dry?

When paint dries ,a thin polymer film is formed that adheres to the surface and suspendes the pigments.
Paint dries by a number of different mechanisms
1-Solvent evaporation
Rust proof paints
2-Heating (thermosetting)
Automotive
Oxidation
3-Drying oils,artistic paints
Linseed oil

60