Lecture 5 - Flexure

June 11, 2003

CVEN 444

Lecture Goals
Rectangular Beams
Safety factors
Loading and Resistance
Balanced Beams

Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.

Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
has what is known as a coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers.

1 0.85 for f c 4000 psi

1 0.85 0.05 *

f c 4000

1000

0.65

Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium Internal
forces balances with
external forces

Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.

TC

As f s 0.85 f c ab

a
M 0 T d 2 M n

Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.

T As f s
C 0.85 f c ab
As f s
a
0.85 f cb

Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.

M n T moment arm

a
As fs d
2

Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm s > y

y
y
Es
a
c
1

d c
s
c y
c

Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example

Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.

Given a rectangular beam
fc = 4000 psi
fy = 60 ksi (4 #7 bars)
b = 12 in. d = 15.5 in. h= 18 in.
Find the neutral axis.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.

Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example
Determine the area of steel, #7 bar has 0.6 in2.

As 4 0.6 in 2 2.4 in 2
The value is 1 = 0.85 because the concrete
has a fc =4000 psi.

0.85 for f c 4000 psi

Flexural Stress
Rectangular
Example
From equilibrium (assume the steel has yielded)
C T
0.85 f cba f y As
a

f y As
0.85 f cb

2
60
ksi
2.4
in

0.85 4 ksi 12 in

3.53 in.

The neutral axis is

a 3.53 in.
c

4.152 in.
1
0.85

Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example

Check to see whether or not the steel has yielded.

fy

60 ksi
y

0.00207
E s 29000 ksi
Check the strain in the steel
d c
s
0.003
c

Steel yielded!

15.5 in. 4.152 in.

0.003 0.0082 0.000207

4.152 in.

Flexural Stress
Rectangular Example

Compute moment capacity of the beam.

a
M n As f y d
2

3.53 in.
2.4 in 60 ksi 15.5 in.

1979 k-in. 164.8 k-ft.

2

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
For a non-rectangular beam
Example
For
the given beam with concrete
rated at fc = 6 ksi and the steel is
rated at fs = 60 ksi. d = 12.5 in.
(a) Determine the area of the steel for a
balanced system for shown area of concrete.
(b) Determine the moment capacity of the
beam. Mn
(c) Determine the NA.

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
For a non-rectangular beam
Example
The area of the concrete section is
Ac 6 in. 3 in. 10 in. 2 in.
38 in 2
The force due to concrete forces.

C 0.85 f c Ac

0.85 6 ksi 38 in 2
193.8 kips.

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
Using equilibrium, the area of the steel can be found
Example
T C

0.85 f c Ac
fs As 0.85 f c Ac As
fs
193.8 kips
2
As
3.23 in
60 ksi

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
Find the center of the area
Example
of concrete area
yA

y
A
i

6 in. 3 in. 1.5 in. 10 in. 2 in. 4 in.

6 in. 3 in. 10 in. 2 in.

2.8158 in.

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
TheExample
moment capacity of the beam is
Mn T d y

193.8 kips 12.5 in. 2.8158 in.

1869 k-in. 155.75 k-ft.

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
Example
Compute
the value
1

f c 4000 psi
1 0.85 0.05*

1000 psi
6000 psi 4000 psi
0.85 0.05*

1000 psi

0.75

Flexural Stress
Non-Rectangular
Find
the neutral axis
Example
a
c
1
5.0 in.

6.67 in.
0.75

Safety Provisions
Structures and structural members must always be
designed to carry some reserve load above what is
expected under normal use.

Safety Provisions
There are three main reasons why some sort of safety
factor are necessary in structural design.
[1] Consequences of failure.
[2] Variability in loading.
[3] Variability in resistance.

Consequences of
Failure

A number of subjective factors must be considered in

determining an acceptable level of safety.
Potential loss of life.
Cost of clearing the debris and replacement of the
structure and its contents.
Cost to society.
Type of failure warning of failure, existence of
alternative load paths.

Variability in Loading

Frequency distribution
of sustained component
of live loads in offices.

Variability in
Resistance
Variability of the strengths of concrete and
reinforcement.
Differences between the as-built dimensions
and those found in structural drawings.
Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.

Variability in
Resistance
Comparison of
measured and
computed failure
moments based on
all data for
reinforced
concrete beams
with fc > 2000 psi.

Margin of Safety
The distributions of
the resistance and
the loading are used
to get a probability
of failure of the
structure.

Margin of Safety
The term
Y=R-S
is called the safety
margin. The probability
of failure is defined as:

Pf Pr obability of Y 0
and the safety index is

Y
Y

Loading
SPECIFICATIONS
Cities in the U.S. generally base their building
code on one of the three model codes:

Uniform Building Code

Basic Building Code (BOCA)
Standard Building Code

Loading
These codes have been consolidated in the
2000 International Building Code.
Loadings in these codes are mainly based on
ASCE Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures has been updated to
ASCE 7-02.

Loading
The loading variations are taken into
consideration by using a series of load factors
to determine the ultimate load, U.
U 1.4 D F

U 1.2 D F T 1.6 L H 0.5 Lr or S or R

U 1.2 D 1.6W 0.5 L 1.0 Lr or S or R
U 1.2 D 1.0 E 1.0 L 0.2 S
M etc.

Loading
The equations come from ACI code 9.2 on
loading (4.6 in your book),
D Dead Load
L Live Load

W Wind Load
Lr Roof Load

F Fluid Pressure
E Earthquake Load
S Snow Load

R Rain Load
T Temperature Load
H Soil Load

Loading
The most general equation for the ultimate load,
U (Mu) that you will see is going to be:

U 1.2 D 1.6 L

Resistance
The load factors will generate the ultimate load,
which is used in the design and analysis of the
structural member.

Mu Mn
Mu Ultimate Moment
Mn Nominal Moment
Strength Reduction Factor

Resistance
The strength reduction factor, , varies from member
to member depending whether it is in tension or
compression or the type of member. The code has
been setup to determine the reduction.

Three possibilities in Inelastic

Behavior
Compression Failure - (over-reinforced
beam)
Tension Failure - (under-reinforced beam)
Balanced Failure - (balanced reinforcement)

Inelastic Behavior
Compression Failure
The concrete will crush
before the steel yields.
This is a sudden
failure.
The beam is known as
an over-reinforced
beam.

Inelastic Behavior
Tension Failure
The reinforcement
yields before the
concrete crushes. The
concrete crushes is a
secondary
compression failure.
The beam is known as
an under-reinforced
beam.

Inelastic Behavior
Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes
and the steel yields
simultaneously.
The beam is known as
an balancedreinforced beam.

Inelastic Behavior
Which type of failure is the most desirable?
The under-reinforced
beam is the most
desirable.
fs = fy
s >> y
You want ductility
system deflects and
still carries load.

Balanced Reinforcement Ratio,

bal
bal = unique value to get simultaneous c = 0.003
& s = y
Use similar triangles:

y
0.003

cb
d cb

Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio, bal
The equation can be rewritten to find cb

0.003d 0.003c b y c b
c b 0.003 y 0.003d
0.003d
cb
0.003 y

cb
0.003

d 0.003 y

cb
0.003 E s
87000

d 0.003 y E s
87000 f y

Nominal Moment Equation

The equation can be rewritten in the form:

C T
a

0.85 f cba A s f y

f y As

0.85 f cb

a
M n As f y d
2

Nominal Moment Equation

The equation can be rewritten in the form:
f y Asd
A s b 2
Mn fy d d

1.7 f c bd
bd d

Use the ratio r = b/d and

f y d
Mn fy r d d

1.7 f c

Nominal Moment Equation

Use fy/fc and

M n r f c d 1 r f c 1 0.59 d
1.7

Use the ratio r = b/d and R

M n Rbd

R f c 1 0.59

Strain Limits Method for

Analysis
The strength
reduction factor, ,
will come into the
calculation of the
strength of the beam.

Limitations on
Reinforcement Ratio,
The selection of the steel will be determined by the
Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1

As(min)

3 f c
200

* bw d
* bw d
fy
fy

fc & fy are in psi

ACI Eqn. (10-3)

Limitations on
Reinforcement Ratio,
Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1

min

3 f c
200

fy
fy

Lower limit used to avoid Piano Wire beams.

Very small As ( Mn < Mcr )
s is huge (large deflections)
when beam cracks ( Mn > Mcr ) beam fails right
away because Mn < Mcr

Additional Requirements for

Lower Limit on
If As (provided) 4/3 As (required) based on
analysis, then As (min) is not required.

4
Mn Mu
3
See ACI 10.5.3

for As (provided)

Additional Requirements
for Lower Limit on
Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement in structural
slabs and footings (ACI 7.12) place perpendicular to
direction of flexural reinforcement.
GR 40 or GR 50 Bars: As (T&S) = 0.0020 Ag
GR 60 or Welded Wire Fabric (WWF):
As (T&S) = 0.0018 Ag
Ag - Gross area of the concrete

Example
Given:
fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi
and As = 4 in2
Determine:
(1) Determine if the beam will
satisfy ACI code.
(2) If fc = 6 ksi?

Example

Given:

fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As = 4 in2

As
4 in 2

0.0333
bd 8 in. 15 in.
The minimum steel ratio is

min

3 3000

=0.00411
40000

min 0.005

200
0.005
40000

0.0333 > 0.005 OK!

Example

Given:

fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As =4 in2

2
40
ksi
4
in

f y As

0.85 f cb 0.85 3 ksi 8 in

8.743 in.

The neutral axis is

a 8.743 in.
c 9.23 in.
c

9.23 in.
0.615
1
0.85
d 15 in.

Example
The strain in the steel is
d c
15 in. 7.843 in.
t
0.003
0.003
7.843 in.
c

0.0027

There for the beam is in the compression zone and

would be 0.65, however c/d ratio is greater than
0.375 so the beam will need to be redesigned.

Example

c/d=0.615

Example

Given:

fc = 6 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As =4 in2

As
4 in 2

0.0333
bd 8 in. 15 in.

The minimum steel ratio is

min

3 6000

=0.00581
40000

200
0.005
40000

min 0.00581 0.0333 > 0.00581 OK!

Example

Given:

fc = 6 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As =4 in2

2
40
ksi
4
in

f y As

0.85 f cb 0.85 6 ksi 8 in

3.922 in.

The neutral axis is at

a 3.922 in.
c 5.22 in.
c

5.22 in.
0.349
1
0.75
d 15 in.

Example
The strain in the steel will be
d c
15 in. 5.22 in.
t
0.003
0.003
5.22 in.
c

0.0056

There for the beam is in the tension zone and will

be 0.9.

Example

c/d=0.349