CivilDraftingTechnology

SeventhEdition
ByDavidA.Madsen,
TerenceM.Shumaker,
andDavidP.Madsen

Chapter6
SurveyingFundamentals

Figure 61: The diameter of the earth measured through the poles is approximately 27 miles less
than the diameter measured at the equator.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 62: The lengths of a 36-mile arc and a chord connecting the arcs ends vary by only 0.66 ft.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 63: A horizontal plane is only 0.66 ft above the earths surface at the end of a 1-mile arc.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 64: Typical land survey of a subdivision. (Courtesy of Otak, Inc.)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 65: A topographic survey is used to compile the information needed to create this
topographic map. (Reproduced by permission of the U.S. Geological Survey)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 66: A geodetic survey defines major control points that can be used for smaller surveys.
(Courtesy of National Geodetic Survey)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 67a: This type of aerial photograph has a small scale of 1 = 1700 and would be used for
project plan overview and preliminary studies. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 67b: This photo has a larger scale of 1 = 850 and would be used for preliminary studies,
map design, and GIS applications. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 67c: This type of 1 = 170 large-scale photo would be used for engineering and design
work. (Courtesy of Spencer B. Gross, Inc., Portland, Oregon)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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Figure 68: Specialized 3D stereoscopic mapping workstations and eyewear enable the CAD
operator to work in a 3D environment.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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Figure 69: A stereoscope is used to analyze stereo photos.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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Figure 610: A route survey or an open traverse does not close on itself.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 611: Construction survey showing locations of corners and staking out of house with angles
and distances.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.

Figure 612: An open traverse does not begin or end at a control point and cannot be easily
checked.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 613: A connecting traverse is one in which the beginning and end points are known.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 614: A loop traverse closes on itself and can be checked easily.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 615a: The robotic total station combines vertical and horizontal angle measurements with an
EDM. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 615b: A surveyor uses a control unit to operate the total station. (Courtesy of Trimble
Navigation)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 615c: A GPS receiver is mounted on top of a tracking target to provide accurate GPS data in
addition to the measurements taken by the total station. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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Figure 615d: Data recorded in an electronic total station can be saved in an electronic data
collector. (Courtersy of lopcon Positioning Systems, Inc.)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 616: Deflection-angle traverse.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 617: The foresight is measured by turning the instrument clockwise from the backsight in an
angles-tothe- right survey.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 618: An azimuth traverse measures each angle clockwise from north or south.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 619: A topographic map showing State Plane coordinates and UTM rectangular coordinates.
(Reproduced by permission of the U.S. Geological Survey)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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Figure 620: This surveyor is using a GNSS receiver and a handheld controller to record and
annotate global positioning system data. (Courtesy of Trimble Navigation)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 621: An example of a raw data file displayed in the Carlson Survey Edit/Process program.
(Courtesy Carlson Software)

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 622: Surveyors can collect at least five pieces of data for a single point and store this as a
text point file in the total station data collector. The text file is then used to generate a digital terrain
model.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
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Figure 623: Point files of project features, such as water line connections in a subdivision, can be
quickly laid out in the field by surveyors with an electronic robotic total station.

CivilDraftingTechnology,SeventhEdition
DavidA.Madsen,TerenceM.Shumaker,DavidP.Madsen

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2010PearsonHigherEducation,
UpperSaddleRiver,NJ07458.AllRightsReserved.