CHAPTER 2

LIFECYCLE OF A
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

PROJECT MANAGEMENT LIFE

CYCLE
Project life cycle
describes the tasks
that must be
completed
to produce a
product,
service or result.
It defines the
phases
that connect the
project
from the beginning
to its
end.
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI AHMAD (PSA)

1. PROJECT INITIATION PHAS

The key question during this phase is what will be
covered by the project.
It involves :
a. Project proposal
b. Selecting a project
c. State the problem/feasibility study
d. Established overall goals
e. Identify success criteria
f. List assumptions, risks and obstacles
g. Produce a project definition statement
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI AHMAD (PSA)

2. PROJECT PLANNING

The plan provides answers to what, where, when

who and how issues. The typical activities of this
a.Identify project activities.
b.Estimate activity duration.
c.Develop a schedule.
d.Determine resource requirement.
e.Assign tasks and responsibilities.
f.Draw a project network/ Gantt chart

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

3. PROJECT EXECUTION, MONITORING

AND CONTR

The key tasks of this phase are to organise people, alloc

resources and schedule activities. Typical activities inclu

a.Organise the project team

b.Develop a work breakdown structure
c.Schedule and document work
d.Level resources.
e.Establish management control and information system
f.Initiate corrective measures to reduce variations.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI AHMAD

(PSA)

4. PROJECT CLOSURE
The key tasks during this phase are to evaluate what was
done and to
compile information for use in future projects. The main
activities of this phase are:
a.Produce project deliverables
b.Obtain customer acceptance
c.Complete project documentation
d.Issue project final report
On completion, the project is handed over to the customer
or sponsor for operations.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

EXAMPLE OF PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

METHODS OF EFFECTIVE
COORDINATION
1. SOUND PLANNING
2. SIMPLIFIED ORGANIZATION
3. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
4. EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND SUPERVISION
5. CHAIN OF COMMAND
6. LIAISON DEPARTMENT
7. VOLUNTARY COORINATION

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

b. Know
your
audience

a. Be clear,
focused, and
brief

Good communicator
knows what he is talking
about
What you say should be to METHODS FOR
the point
EFFECTIVE
Do not digressing
COMMUNICATI
frequently

ON

e. Reach out
to your
audience.

d. Be positive
- Provide your listeners
the chance to clarify
doubts or to give feedback - If you are not convinced
of the word of your
utterances, nobody will

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

What you say and how

you say it should be
tailored for the kind of
audience

c. Be sincere
- Say something only if
you genuinely feel it
is important for you
to say it.

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RESOURCES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT
MONEY
- SAVING
- FINANCING CREDIT

MACHINER
Y
- COST
- MAINTENAN
CE
- TRAINING
- METHOD
- OUTPUT

5
M

PLANNING
LEADING
ORGANIZING
CONTROLLING

MANPOWER

MATERIA
L
- ORDER
-SUPPLY &
TRANS
-UNLOADING
-STORAGE

- RECRUITMEN
T
- TRAINING
- SAFETY
- WELFARE
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

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CATEGORIZE THE PLANT AND

EQUIPMENT
1.EARTHMOVING PLANT
2.CONCRETING PLANT
3.PILE DRIVING PLANT
4.CRANES AND HOISTS
5.COMPRESSED AIR PLANT
6.BITUMINOUS MIXING AND LAYING PLANT
7.PUMPS AND DEWATERING EQUIPMENT

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

12

1. EARTH MOVING PLANT

In selecting plant and equipment, the plant
manager will consider the following factors :
a.The workload to be undertaken
b.The time allowed in the construction
programme for the work.
c.The capabilities of the machine or
equipment
d.The various tasks which any one piece could
accomplish
e.The transportation involved
f.Maintenance facilities
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

13

DOZER

HEAVY EARTHMOVING PLANT

EXCAVATOR

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

14

COMPACTION PLANT

TRANSPORTING PLANT
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

15

2. CONCRETING PLANT
METHOD AND SELECTION OF PLANT

a.TOPOGRAPHY OF SITE
b.TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE REQUIRED
AT ANY PONINT AT ANY TIME
c. AVAILABILITY OF PLANT
d. AMOUNT OF SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SETTING
UP PLANT
e. QUALITY OF CONCRETE REQUIRED : SPECIFICATION,
VARYING MIXES
f. COSTOF PRODUCING CONCRETE BY VARIOUS METHODS

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

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PORTABLE CONCRETING PLANT

READY MIX CONCRETE MIXER

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

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3. PILE DRIVING
PLANT
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED :
1.TYPE OF PILE TO BE USED
2.TYPE OF SUB-SOIL
3.SURFACE DRAINAGE EXAMPLE
WATERLOGGED CONDITIONS
4. OBSTRUCTIONS : OLD BASEMENTS,
EXISTING SERVICES

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

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PILE DRIVING
PLANT

PILE DRIVING
HAMMER
PILE DRIVER

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

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4. CRANE AND HOIST

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED :
1.WEIGHT AND SIZE OF LOAD INVOLVED
2.HEIGHT OF LIFT
3.UTILISATION FACTOR
4. RADIUS OF SWING
5. TYPE OF PLANT BEING USED IN
CONJUNCTION WITH CRANEAGE SUCH
AS CONCRETING PLANT
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

20

GANTRY CRANE

HOIST CRANE

MOBILE CRANE
TOWER CRANEPREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

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5. COMPRESSED AIR PLANT

FACTORS TO BE
CONSIDERED
1. NATURE OF WORK
INVOLVED
2. MAINTENANCE
3. PIPES BETWEEN
SUPPLY AND TOOLS
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

22

6. BITUMINOUS MIXING AND LAYING

PLANT
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
a.INVOLVED 2 STAGES OF WORK
- mixing
- laying
b.TYPES OF MATERIALS TO BE
HANDLED
c.PROCESS SELECTED TOGETHER
WITH THE TYPE AND QUANTITY OF
AGGREGATES AND BINDER
SPECIFIED
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

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LAYING PLANT

CONCRETE PLANT

BITUMANOUS PAVING PLANT

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

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7. PUMPS AND DEWATERING

EQUIPMENT
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
a.THE COMPLEXITY OF THE
PROJECT
b.THE AMOUNT OF LIQUID TO BE
REMOVED

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

25

PUMPS AND DEWATERING

EQUIPMENT

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

26

OVERHEAD
Definition:

The indirect costs or fixed expenses of o

business that range from rent to
administrative costs to marketing costs

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

27

Overhead refers to all non-labor expenses required to ope

your business. These expenses are either fixed or variable

Fixed expenses.
No matter what your sales volume is, fixed costs
must be met every month. Fixed expenses include rent or
payments, depreciation on fixed assets (such as cars and
equipment), salaries and associated payroll costs, liability
insurance, utilities, membership dues and subscriptions a
accounting costs. These expenses don't change, regardles
of whether a company's revenue goes up or down.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

28

Variable expenses.

-- variable expenses are fluctuate from month to mont

in relation to sales and other factors, such as promoti
efforts, change of season, and variations in the prices
supplies and services.
The expenses such as telephone bill, printing, packag
mailing, advertising, and promotion.
When estimating variable expenses, use an average fi
on an estimate of the yearly total.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

29

PROFIT
Definition of 'Profit'
A financial benefit that is realized when the
amount of
revenue gained from a business activity exceeds
the expenses, costs and taxes needed to sustain
the activity. Any profit that is gained goes to the
business's owners, who may or may not decide to
spend it on the business.
Calculated as:
Profit = Total revenue total expenses
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

30

MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION:
Material management is a
scientific technique, concerned
with Planning, Organizing
&Control of flow of materials,
from their initial purchase to
destination.
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

31

AIM OF MATERIAL
MANAGEMENT
To get
1. The Right quality
2. Right quantity of supplies
3. At the right time
4. At the right place
5. For the right cost
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

32

FOUR BASIC NEEDS OF MATERIAL

MANAGEMENT
1.To have adequate materials on
hand when needed
2.To pay the lowest possible prices,
consistent with quality and value
requirement for purchases
materials
3.To minimize the inventory
BY : ROSIDA BINTI
investment PREPARED
AHMAD (PSA)

33

MATERIALS HAND

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

34

MATERIALS STORAGE
In buildings under
construction,
materials must not
be placed within 6
feet of a hoistway or
floor opening.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

35

MATERIALS STORAGE
Use personal fall arrest
equipment when working on
stored material in silos,
hoppers, tanks, and similar
storage areas.
Noncompatible materials
shall be segregated in
storage.
Materials shall not be stored
on
scaffolds or runways except
for
immediate operations.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

36

MATERIALS STORAGE

Stack bricks in a
manner that will keep
them from falling.
Do not stack more
than 7 feet high.
Taper back a loose
brick stack after it is 4
feet high.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

37

MATERIALS STORAGE
When masonry
blocks are stacked
higher than 6 feet
The stack should be
tapered back onehalf block per tier
above the 6-foot
level.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

38

MATERIALS STORAGE
Storage of lumber
Remove nails before
stacking
Stacked level and on sills
Stack lumber so that it is
stable and self supporting
Piles not to exceed 20 feet
16 feet if handled manually

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

39

MATERIALS STORAGE
Structural steel,
pipe, bar stock,
etc., unless
racked, must be
stacked and
blocked to
prevent
spreading or
tilting.
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

40

HOUSEKEEPING
Storage areas must be kept free
from accumulation of materials that
create hazards from:
Tripping
Fire
Explosion
Pest harborage
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

41

DOCKBOARDS
Dockboards must be strong enough
to carry imposed load.
Portable dockboards must
be properly secured in
position.
Provided with handholds,
or other effective means,
to permit
safe handling
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

42

DOCKBOARDS
Positive
protection must
be provided to
prevent railroad
cars from moving
during loading or
unloading
operations.
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

43

RIGGING EQUIPMENT
Rigging equipment for
material handling shall
be inspected prior to use
on each shift and as
necessary during its use
to ensure that it is safe.
Defective rigging
equipment shall be
removed from service.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

44

RIGGING EQUIPMENT
General
Rigging equipment shall not be loaded
in excess of its recommended safe
working load.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

45

RIGGING EQUIPMENT
Rigging equipment shall be removed
from work area so as not to present a
hazard to employees when not in use.
Custom design grabs, hooks, clamps, or
other lifting accessories shall be marked
to indicate the safe working loads.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

46

RIGGING EQUIPMENT SLINGS

Types of slings covered are those
made from alloy steel chain, wire
rope, metal mesh, natural or
synthetic fiber rope, and synthetic
web.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

47

RIGGING EQUIPMENT
INSPECTIONS
Inspections
Equipment must be
inspected prior to
use and each shift.
Also, as necessary
during its use

Damaged or defective
equipment must be
removed from service.
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

48

ALLOY STEEL CHAINS

Chain slings must have
permanently affixed
durable identification
stating:
Size, grade, rated
capacity, and sling
manufacturer

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

49

ALLOY STEEL CHAINS

A thorough periodic inspection of slings must be
made on a regular basis.
At least annually
Inspection determined on the
basis of:
Frequency of sling use
Severity of service conditions
Nature of lifts being made
Experience gained on service
life of slings

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

50

ALLOY STEEL CHAINS

A record of the most
recent month in
which
the chain sling was
thoroughly
inspected
must be maintained.
The record must be
available for
BY : ROSIDA BINTI
examination. PREPARED
AHMAD (PSA)

51

DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS

An enclosed chute
must
be used when dropping
material more than 20
feet
outside of a building.

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

52

DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS

When debris is dropped through
holes in floors without the use of
chutes:
Area must be enclosed with barricades
Warning signs must be posted at each
level

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

53

DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS

All scrap lumber, waste material, and rubbish
must be removed from the immediate work area
as work progresses.
Disposal of waste material or
debris by burning shall comply
with local fire regulations.
All solvent waste, oily rags, and
flammable liquids must be kept
in fire resistant covered containers
until removed from worksite.
PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI
AHMAD (PSA)

54

END OF CHAPTER 2

PREPARED BY : ROSIDA BINTI

AHMAD (PSA)

55