SPM SCIENCE

-MOCK TEACHING-

Presented by:
Zaiahsheila Sidik

CARBON COMPOUNDS

VARIOUS CARBON
COMPOUND
What is Carbon compounds
Compounds that contain carbon
Other elements hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen & other metallic elements.

Type of Carbon Compound

Organic
Inorganic

Differences
Organic Compounds

Inorganic Compounds

Derived from animals / plants

-Not derived from living

organisms
-Sources Earth & Minerals

E.g.
-Petrol, Natural Gas, Kerosene,
Sugar, Fat, Starch, Alcohol,
Vinegar, Amino Acids, Proteins
and Hormones

E.g.
-Carbon dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide, Carbonates and
Mineral Salts

Properties of organic compounds

-Contain carbon & other
elements (oxygen, hydrogen and
nitrogen)
-Insoluble in inorganic solvents
(water, acids and alkalis)
-Dissolve in organic solvents
(ether, petrol, chloroform and
alcohol)

Properties of inorganic
compounds
-Contain small number of carbon
elements
-Insoluble in organic solvents
(ether, cooking oil, alcohol and
petrol)
Dissolve in inorganic solvents
(water, acids and alkalis)

Hydrocarbons
Compound which contain carbon and
hydrogen only
Main source petroleum
Types of hydrocarbon
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes)

E.g. methane, propane, ethane &

propene
Different hydrocarbon different ratio of
hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms

Natural Source of
Hydrocarbons
1. Coal
Formed from the remains of plants died
million years ago
Used for;
Producing electricity (burns)
Reducing agent in furnace for extraction of
iron and tin from their ores

Natural Source of
Hydrocarbons
2. Petroleum
Formed from plants and animals that
died millions of years ago undergo
decay and decomposition
Complex mixtures separated from
each other for use

Fractional Distillation
Different hydrocarbons in petroleum can
be separated by this process
Components of petroleum are hydrocarbons
have different boiling points
(Fractional Distillation of Petroleum)

Hydrocarbons are different in molecular size,

attractive force & atomic arrangement
Fractions with higher boiling points
Have darker colour
More viscous
Burn less easily & produce more soot

Uses of different fractions of

petroleum
Fractions

Uses

Petroleum gas

Cooking gas & making chemical

substances / plastic

Petrol

Fuel of vehicles

Naphtha

Source of chemical substances & solvents

Kerosene

Fuel for aeroplanes

Diesel

Fuel for lorries, ships, trains & buses

Lubricant

Lubricating machines

Fuel oil

Fuel for ships & power stations

Bitumen

Road construction

ALCOHOLS
Class of carbon compounds
Consist of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
General Formula:
CnH2n+1OH, n = 1,
2,....

Alcohol molecules contain OH

group / names end with nol

ALCOHOLS
Examples of alcohols
Number
of carbon
atoms

Name of
alcohol

Molecular
Formula

Boiling
Point (C)

Methanol

CH3OH

64

Ethanol

C2H5OH

78

Propanol

C3H7OH

98

Butanol

C4H9OH

117

Preparing Ethanol in the Lab

FERMENTATION
Action of yeast on glucose (ethanol &
carbon dioxide)
Based on experiment limewater turns
cloudy
Fermentation of glucose

Using bicarbonate indicator it will

change to yellow (carbon dioxide
produce- acidic)

Preparing Ethanol in the Lab

PURIFICATION OF ETHANOL
Done by fractional distillation
Ethanol can be separated from water
because of different boiling points (78C)
Reach 78C ethanol change to vapour and
separated from water/ other impurities
Ethanol vapour passes through inner tube
condenses into liquid ethanol
Porcelain chips added into flask (avoid
bumping)
Thermometer bulb position same level as
condenser tube distillation takes place at the
correct temperature

General Characteristics of
Alcohol

Physical properties of alcohol

Colourless solution
Smell nice
Evaporates easily
Can dissolve in water and organic solvents
Neutral

Chemical properties
Burns in air produce carbon dioxide and
water
Burning of alcohol -> blue flame / no soot
Reacts with organic acids to form ester

Esters and Esterification

Ester organic compound (pleasant
and sweet smell)
Can be found in fruits (bananas,
apples & mangoes) also fats and oils.
Can be made combining organic
acid with an alcohol (esterification)

As a fuel
As an
alcoholic
drink

As a
solvent

Uses
of
alcoh
ol

Making
chemicals

For making
ester

For making
medicines

As a
thermomet
ric liquid

Nervous
system
affected
stimuli very
slow

Blood vessels
expend

Excessive
intake
damages
stomach,
liver, kidneys
& hearts
cirrhosis and
cancer

Effects
of
alcoho
l

Affects
person
thinking and
judgement

Function of
cerebellum
affected unable to
stand / walk
properly

FATS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON

HEALTH

Fat

Organic compounds
Contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
Can be found in the form solid & liquid
(produce from combination of fatty acid
& glycerol)
Types of fats
Saturated
Unsaturated

Unsaturated fats can converted to

saturated fats through hydrogenation

Comparison types of fat

Criteria

Saturated

Unsaturated

Composition

Saturated fatty acid

Each carbon atom in
the fatty acid chain is
bonded by single
bonds to hydrogen
atoms/ other carbon
atoms

Unsaturated fatty
acid
Two/ three carbon
atoms in the fatty
acid chain
attached to
double bond

Sources

Animals

Plants

Melting point

Higher

Lower

Cholesterol
level

More cholesterol

Less cholesterol

State at room
temperature

solid

Liquid

e.g.

Palmitic acid

Oleic acid

Effects of Saturated Fats and

Unsaturated Fats on our health
Excessive consumption of fatty food
cause a person become fat and
obese
Saturated fat increase cholesterol
level in the blood vessels
The appearance of normal blood vessel a
nd blocked blood vessel

Unsaturated fat is safe to eat Composition of cholesterol in

unsaturated fats is low

Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages of fats

Disadvantages of fats

Can lubricate the blood vessels

Can accumulate in the blood

vessels blocked blood vessels

Synthesize hormones

Causing ;
Hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Heart attack
Stroke (Rapture of blood
vessels in the brain)

Helps in digestion of food

PALM OIL AND ITS IMPORTANT TO

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Structure of the Oil Palm Fruit
Consist of 3 components
Husk (mesocarp)
Shell (endocarp)
Kernel

90% - derived from husk the rest from

kernel
Obtained by the extraction of oil from
the oil palm fruit

Extraction of Palm Oil

Oil palm fruit sent immediately
after harvest to the factory *Palm Oil
Sterilization to
Purification
(Add
info)
kill fungi &
piped out to be
bacteria /steam
can soften the
bunch of oil palm
fruit

Impure palm oil

Separator fruit
separated from
the bunch

Filtration raw
palm oil filtered
remove fibers and
other solids

Digestion fruit
crushed in
digesting
machine oil
produce

Extraction of
palm oil using
hydraulic
compressor

purified/ steam
passed into the
oil to remove
acids

PURE PALM OIL

The Uses of Palm Oil

The Importance of the Palm Oil Industry

in the Development of Our Nation

Malaysia Main exporter of palm oil

in the world
Palm oil main source of income for
Malaysia
Provide many employment
opportunities (estates, factories,
processing palm oil products)
Add Data

Palm Oil Research Activities

Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) government
agency set up to increase quality of palm oil &
diversify the uses of palm oil
Palm Oil Registration and Licensing Authority
(PORLA) is set up to control, monitor and
develop activities relating to palm oil
Research by MPOB and local universities
succeeded in producing biodiesel from palm oil
(https://www.ums.edu.my/spor/)
Palm oil good potential
Production cost is low compared to oil from corn/
soya
Nutritious

Next Week Class!

Soap and its cleansing action
Natural Polymers
A few theoretical experiment for the
whole topics

Extra homework
Please prepare theoretical
experiment on how to prepare soap
by the reaction of palm oil with
sodium hydroxide
Discussion will be conducted in class
next week.

Thank you for your

attention!