INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS

PROPERTIES
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
The basic materials used in Cicil Engineering
application or in construction project :
Wood
Cement and Concrete
Bitimens and Bituminous Materials
Structural Clay and Concrete Units
Reinforcing and Structural Steel

Wood :
Wood derived from trees, and can be put to use
direcly as pieces of lumber cut from a log, or as a row
materials in the manifacture of variation wood product
or manifacture componen.

Cemen and Concrete :

Cement is a key ingredient in the manifacture of any
other of the cementitious product, such as masonry
brick, soil cement brick and plaster.
Concrete is one of the most common construction
materials, is mixed with othe materials in which
cement is the essential ingridient.

Bitumens and Bituminus Materials :

Bitumen, which came in a veriety of forms, is maxed
with other row materials for the construction of
pavement, roof singlest, waterprooving compounds
and many other materials.

Structural Clay and Concrete Units :

Structural clay and concrete masonry units,
commonly called brick and block.

Reinforcing and Structural Steel :

Reinforcing steel in combination with concrete, it is
became reinforced concrete, is one of the most
common building structure or construction
materials.
Structural steel, which is fabricated in many forms
and shapes, is employed in the construction of
railroad ties, high-rice buildings, roof trusses and
many more structural elements.

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS :

Materals for Engineering applications are selected so as
to perform satisfatorily during service :
For Example :

Material for a high-rice building or a highway bridge

should prossess adequate strength, rough surface
and sufficient rigidity.

A water-retaining structures would be built with a

material that is impermeable, crack free, strong and
does not react with water.

A road surface needs such materals that show little

movement under the impact of load, are water
resistant and eassy to repair.

PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS :

(continue)
The common properties of the engineering
materials :
1. Physical Properties
1. Mechanical Properties
1. Chemical Properties

1. Physical Properties :

Physical properties are those derived from the

properties of matter or atributed to the physical
structure. They include density, porosity, voids
content, moisture content, specific gravity and
permeability.

2. Mechanical Properties :

Mechanical properties meassure of the resistence

of a material to applied load or forces.
Strength is a meassure of the maximum load per
unit area, and can be a relation to tension,
compression, shear, flexural, torsion and imfact.

3. Chemical Properties :
Chemical properties are these pertaining to the
composition and potensial reaction of a materials.

Forces, Load and Stresses

Forces : When body is pulled or pushed, it said to
be acted upon by a force.

Load

: When a solid body is subjected to external

forces colled load. The body are deformed

and internal force are produce

Stresses :

Stress describe the measure of a force

acting on a unit area of an imagenary
section through a body.

Any type of Stress :

Axial compression :

Axial tension :

Shear :

Flexural :
Beam in bending

compression
tension

Compression stress

Tension stress

Strain :
Deformasi : The change in length immediately
followingthe application of a unidirectional
force is called deformationor linear
deformasion
Strain () : The deformation per unit length is called
strain ( ).
= L/L
P
L/2

L/2
L/2
L

P
L

P
L
L
Tension

Compression

L/2

Shear

Poisson Rasio :
When the body is subjected to an axial stress (tensile
or compression) deformation takes place not only in
the axial deformation but olso in other direction
perpendicular to the axis. The ratio of lateral strain
(normal to the axial direction) to axial strain (when
loaded a long the axix) is called Poisson Ratio ()

= lateral deformation/axil deformation

The in the volume in material is called the volumatric
deformation.
The Poisson Rasio of most materialc construction
range between 0.15 0.40 , dan nilai poisson ratio
dari berbagai matrial terlihat pada tabel berikut ini :

Materials

Poisson Ratio

Aluminium
Brass
Cast iron
Concrete
Copper
Glass
Lead
Steel
Stone
Wroughtiron
Metals in plasti range

0.25
o.32 9.35
0.23 0.27
0.10 0.18
0.31 0.34
0.24
0.43
0.27 0.30
0.20 0.34
0.27 0.29

0.50

Stiffness :
Stiffness is the relative meassure of the deformability of the
material under load. A material that develops a hight level of
strain at a given stress is less stiff than a material showing less
strain under the same stress
Stress
Ultimate strength

Ductail materials
Yield point
Proportional limit
Elastic limit
Yield strength

Prportional limit

Non-ductile materials

strain

Elastic Limit :
The Elastic Limit is the maximum stress below which material will
fully recover its original form upon the removal of applied forces.
In some materials, such as concrete, brick and stone, the elastic
limit is low, and for most metal the elastic limit is hight.

Proportional Limit :
Proportional Limit is the maximum stress below which the ratio
between the stress and the strain is constant.
Yield Point :
Yield Point is the first unit stress at which deformation continues
without increase the load.
Modulus of Elastisity (E):
The ratio of stress to strain below the proportional limit is called
the Modulus of Elastisity

E = f/