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Mechanics of Materials 1

Chapter 5:
Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

Assignment No. 4

(a) Differentiate between True Stress /


Strain and Engineering Stress / Strain (b)
Derive their comparative relationships. (c)
Show their mutual differences on Stress-Strain
graph.

Only hand-written assignments are admissible


Submit on or before 10-DEC-2013

Introduction

Objective - Analysis and design of beams

Beams - structural members supporting loads at


various points along the member

Transverse loadings of beams are classified as


concentrated loads or distributed loads

Applied loads result in internal forces


consisting of a shear force (from the shear stress
distribution) and a bending couple (from the
normal stress distribution)

Normal stress is often the critical design criteria


x

My
I

Mc M

I
S

Requires determination of the location and


magnitude of largest bending moment
5-3

Introduction
Classification of Beam Supports

5-4

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

Determination of maximum normal and


shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and bending
couple.

Shear force and bending couple at a point are


determined by passing a section through the
beam and applying an equilibrium analysis
on the beam portions on either side of the
section.

Sign conventions for shear forces V and V


and bending couples M and M

5-5

Example 5.01
Do yourself

Example 5.02
Draw the shear and bendingmoment diagrams for a
cantilever beam AB of span L
supporting a uniformly
distributed load
Solution:
Cut the beam at a point C
between A and B and draw
the free-body diagram of AC
directing V and M as
indicated

Sample Problem 5.1


SOLUTION:

For the timber beam and loading


shown, draw the shear and bendmoment diagrams and determine the
maximum normal stress due to
bending.

Treating the entire beam as a rigid


body, determine the reaction forces

Section the beam at points near


supports and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples

Identify the maximum shear and


bending-moment from plots of their
distributions.

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to


determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
5-8

Sample Problem 5.1


SOLUTION:

Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine


the reaction forces
from

0 M B : RB 46 kN RD 14 kN

Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses


on resulting free-bodies

F 0 20 kN V 0
M 0 20 kN 0 m M
y

V1 20 kN

F 0 20 kN V 0
M 0 20 kN 2.5 m M
y

V3 26 kN

0 M1 0
V2 20 kN

0 M 2 50 kN m

M 3 50 kN m

V4 26 kN M 4 28 kN m
V5 14 kN

M 5 28 kN m

V6 14 kN M 6 0
5-9

Sample Problem 5.1

Identify the maximum shear and bendingmoment from plots of their distributions.
Vm 26 kN M m M B 50 kN m

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to


determine the corresponding
maximum normal stress.
S 16 b h 2 16 0.080 m 0.250 m 2
833.33 10 6 m3
MB
50 103 N m
m

S
833.33 10 6 m3

m 60.0 106 Pa

5 - 10

Sample Problem 5.2

The structure shown is constructed


of a W10x112 rolled-steel beam. (a)
Draw the shear and bendingmoment diagrams for the beam and
the given loading. (b) determine
normal stress in sections just to the
right and left of point D.

SOLUTION:

Replace the 10 kip load with an


equivalent force-couple system at D.
Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.

Section the beam at points near the


support and load application points.
Apply equilibrium analyses on
resulting free-bodies to determine
internal shear forces and bending
couples.

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to


determine the maximum normal
stress to the left and right of point D.
5 - 11

Sample Problem 5.2


SOLUTION:

Replace the 10 kip load with equivalent


force-couple system at D. Find reactions at
B.
Section
the beam and apply

equilibrium analyses on resulting freebodies.


From
A to C :

F 0 3x V 0
M 0 3x x M 0
y

1
2

V 3 x kips
M 1.5 x 2 kip ft

From C to D :

F 0
M 0
y

24 V 0

V 24 kips

24 x 4 M 0 M 96 24 x kip ft

From D to B :
V 34 kips
M 24( x 4) 20 10( x 11) 0
M 226 34 x kip ft
5 - 12

Sample Problem 5.2

Apply the elastic flexure formulas to


determine the maximum normal stress to
the left and right of point D.

From Appendix C for a W10x112 rolled


steel shape, S = 126 in3 about the X-X
axis.

To the left of D :
(168 12) kip in
m

S
126 in 3
To the right of D :

m 16.0 ksi

(148 12) kip in


126 in 3

m 14.1 ksi

M
S

5 - 13

Relations Among Load, Shear, and


Bending Moment

Relationship between load and shear:


Fy 0 : V V V w x 0
V w x
dV
w
dx
xD

VD VC w dx
xC

Relationship between shear and bending


moment:
M C 0 :

M M M V x wx x 0
M V x 12 w x

Dividing both members of the equation by x and then


letting x approach zero, we obtain

dM
V
dx

M D MC

5 - 14

xD

V dx

xC

Example 5.03
Do yourself

Sample Problem 5.3


SOLUTION:

Draw the shear and bending


moment diagrams for the
beam and loading shown.

Taking the entire beam as a free body,


determine the reactions at A and D.

Apply the relationship between shear and


load to develop the shear diagram.

Apply the relationship between bending


moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram.

5 - 16

Sample Problem 5.3


SOLUTION:

Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the


reactions at A and D.

MA 0
0 D 24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft 12 kips 28 ft
D 26 kips
Fy 0
0 Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips
Ay 18 kips

Apply the relationship between shear and load to


develop the shear diagram.
dV
w
dx

dV w dx

zero slope between concentrated loads

linear variation over uniform load segment


5 - 17

Problem 5.3

Apply the relationship between bending


moment and shear to develop the bending
moment diagram. dM
dx

dM V dx

bending moment at A and E is zero

bending moment variation between A, B,


C and D is linear

bending moment variation between D


and E is quadratic

5 - 18

Sample Problem 5.4


Do yourself

Sample Problem 5.5


SOLUTION:

Draw the shear and bending


moment diagrams for the beam
and loading shown.

Taking the entire beam as a free body,


determine the reactions at C.

Apply the relationship between shear


and load to develop the shear diagram.

Apply the relationship between


bending moment and shear to develop
the bending moment diagram.

5 - 20

Sample Problem 5.5


SOLUTION:

Taking the entire beam as a free body,


determine the reactions at C.
Fy 0 12 w0 a RC
a

M C 0 12 w0 a L M C
3

RC 12 w0 a

M C 12 w0 a L
3

Apply the relationship between shear and load


to develop the shear diagram.

VB VA w0 w0 dx w0
a
0

a

x
x
2a

VB 12 w0 a area under load curve


-

No change in shear between B and C.


5 - 21

Sample Problem 5.5

Apply the relationship between bending moment


and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.

x2
VB V A w0 x
2a

M B M A w0

x 2 x3
x
x dx w0

2a
2
6a

M B 13 w0 a 2 ( AreaUnderShearCurve)

VB 12 w0 a
L

M B M C 12 w0 a dx 12 w0 a L a
a

a w0
a
M C 16 w0 a 3L a
L
2
3
5 - 22

Sample Problem 5.6


Do yourself

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the


maximum bending moment occurs.
M max c M max
m

I
S

A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be


less than the allowable stress for the material used. This
criteria leads to the determination of the minimum
acceptable section modulus.
m all
S min

M max
all

Among beam section choices which have an acceptable


section modulus, the one with the smallest cross sectional
area will be the least expensive and the best choice.
5 - 24

Example 5.04 and Sample Problem 5.7


Do yourself

Sample Problem 5.8


SOLUTION:

A simply supported steel beam is


to carry the distributed and
concentrated loads shown.
Knowing that the allowable normal
stress for the grade of steel to be
used is 160 MPa, select the wideflange shape that should be used.

Considering the entire beam as a freebody, determine the reactions at A and


D.

Develop the shear diagram for the


beam and load distribution. From the
diagram, determine the maximum
bending moment.

Determine the minimum acceptable


beam section modulus. Choose the
best standard section which meets this
criteria.

5 - 26

Sample Problem 5.8

Considering the entire beam as a free-body,


determine the reactions at A and D.

M A 0 D 5 m 60 kN 1.5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58.0 kN
Fy 0 Ay 58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay 52.0 kN

Develop the shear diagram and determine the


maximum bending moment.
V A Ay 52.0 kN
VB V A area under load curve 60 kN
VB 8 kN

Maximum bending moment occurs at


V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M

max

area under shear curve, A to E


1
52 2.6
2
67.6 kN - m

5 - 27

Sample Problem 5.8

Determine the minimum acceptable beam


section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN m
S min

all
160 MPa
422.5 10 6 m3 422.5 103 mm3

Shape

S , mm3

W410 38.8

637

W360 32.9

474

W310 38.7

549

W250 44.8

535

W200 46.1

448

Choose the best standard section which


meets this criteria.
W 360 32.9

Appendix C. Select the one with minimum area


(from the table)

5 - 28

Problem No. 5.11

Draw the shear and


bending-moment
diagrams for the beam
and loading shown, and
determine the maximum
absolute value (a) of the
shear, (b) of the bending
moment.

Problem No. 5.21

Draw the shear and bending-moment


diagrams for the beam and loading shown
and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending.

Problem No. 5.53

For the beam and loading shown, determine


the equations of the shear and bendingmoment curves and the maximum absolute
value of the bending moment in the beam,
knowing that (a) k = 1, (b) k = 0.5

Problem No. 5.84

Assuming the upward


reaction of the ground to
be uniformly distributed
and knowing that the
allowable normal stress
for the steel used is 170
MPa, select the most
economical wide-flange
beam to support the
loading shown

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