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Vit Ting Anh Hc Thut

T chc lp vit bo khoa hc Y khoa ng trn


tp ch quc t (1)

Radiotechnology
Kha Thi c
i hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm vit bo khoa hc bng
ting Anh

http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw

Tiu s c nhn
Kha Thi c (Ted Knoy) dy vit ting Anh k
thut trong cc trng i hc i Loan hn hai
mi nm. ng l tc gi ca mi bn cun sch
v vit ting Anh k thut v chuyn nghip. ng
thnh lp mt trung tm vit ting Anh ti trng i
hc Y Yunpei ng thi cng l ging vin ton thi
gian ti trng. ng chnh sa trn 55,000 bi
vit cho vic ng bo nghin cu khoa hc t nm
1989. ng l cng nh bin tp ting anh cho mt s
tp ch v khoa hc, k thut v y hc ca i Loan.

A. Nn tng (Background)

Thit lp cc xut nghin cu (Setting of research proposal): M t


mt xu hng ph bin, pht trin hoc hin tng trong lnh vc ca bn
ngi c c th hiu c bi cnh m bn xut nghin cu ang
c thc hin .

Vn nghin cu (Research problem) : M t cc hn ch chnh hoc


tht bi ca cc nghin cu trc y hoc cc phng php nghin
cu khi gii quyt cc xu hng, pht trin hoc hin tng nu .

c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu (Quantitative


specification of research problem): nh lng hoc a ra mt v d v
vn nghin cu c trch dn trong ti liu tham kho trc .

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu (Importance of research


problem) : M t cc hu qu v mt l thuyt v thc t nu khng gii
quyt vn nghin cu.

B. Thc hin (Action)

Mc tiu nghin cu (Research objective) : M t mc tiu ca nghin


cu xut ca bn v bao gm cc c im chnh ring bit ca
nghin cu t c mc tiu nghin cu , iu m khng c
thc hin trong nghin cu trc y ( mt cu )

Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu (Methodology to


achieve research objective) : M t ba hoc bn bc chnh t
c mc tiu nghin cu ca bn .

Kt qu d kin ( Anticipated results) : M t cc kt qu nh lng


m bn hy vng s t c trong nghin cu ca bn.

ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin (Theoretical and


practical contribution to field) : M t cch thc phng php hoc
kt qu nghin cu xut ca bn s ng gp v mt l thuyt trong
lnh vc nghin cu, quy lut v cng ng gp thit thc trong sn
xut, ngnh cng nghip dch v.

V d 1: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Taiwan has a high
incidence of head injuries, brain tumors and brain-related
diseases. Brain imagery is thus a significant nuclear medicinebased technology that can diagnose such diseases. Therefore,
brain uptake radiopharmaceuticals can be used in brain imagery
to accurately diagnose the early stages of brain-related diseases.

Vn nghin cu However, according to clinical studies, the


amount and and concentration of brain uptake
radiopharmaceuticals have a low stability. Therefore, the inability
to enhance conventionally used radiopharmaceuticals makes it
impossible to diagnose brain-related diseases accurately and
efficiently.

V d 1 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu

For instance, following intravenous injection, only 8-10% of most


radiopharmaceuticals enter the brain, while the same amount
entering the liver, kidney and blood exceeds 35%. Consequently,
the radiopharmaceutical uptake is low to the brain and other
organ hyper-radioactive, subsequently leading to inaccurate
clinical diagnoses and over dose of patients.

Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to

enhance conventionally used radiopharmaceuticals makes it


impossible not only to vary the combination or chemical affinity of
radiopharmaceutical chemicals, but also to increase the amount
of brain uptake by using monothiolate coligand(S) and aminomonothiolate (ONS) ligand, ultimately leading to a poor disease
prognosis.

V d 1 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a high lipophilicity
radiopharmaceutical method that produces two kinds of monothiolate coligand(S) and
amino-monothiolate (ONS) ligand to increase the radiopharmaceutical high lipophilicity
level in order to maintain a human brains stability and uptake.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, monothiolate coligand (S)
and amino-monothiolate (ONS) ligand can be used to one part of combined. Tcs 1 ligand
and Tcs 3 ligand can then be combined using methyl and acetic acid. In the same
chemical structure, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thick layer
chromatography (TLC) can be used to purify and analyze the newly synthesized
radiopharmaceutical. Additionally, the new high lipophilicity radiopharmaceutical can be
injected in laboratory mice, with the radiopharmaceutical uptake number of each mouse
organ analyzed as well.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed high lipophilicity radiopharmaceutical
method can ensure stability in a mouses brain with an uptake number approaching 15%
and other organs uptake number lower than 30%.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, results of this study can
contribute to efforts to increase the clinical accuracy of diagnosing brain diseases as
early as possible for curative purposes, subsequently lowering the radiation dose of
patients with brain-related diseases.

V d 2: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Most cancer patient treatments
use radiation in a high energy linear accelerator. An energy level
exceeding 10MV in the linear accelerator output will not only incur
neutron contamination, but also cause redundant absorption dosages
for patients. Still, an energy level exceeding 10MV must be used in
radiation therapy to monitor the neutron yield. Handling an excessive
amount of neutron contaminants requires not only selecting the most
appropriate treatment method or dose rate in real-time, but also
decreasing redundant absorption dosages for patients.
Vn nghin cu Although capable of determining the amount of
neutrons during treatment, the TLD detection method, i.e. a commonly
adopted approach in which a high concentration is used is expensive
and inefficient in clinical practice. For instance, TLD can only be used
once per patient, with a new patient requiring a replacement of all TLD
in the treatment room. Additionally, TLD can not obtain the dose rate
in real-time.

V d 2 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu
For instance, detecting the neutron quantity of ten patients
daily would require using hundreds of TLD. Additionally,
technical personnel spend an additional fine minutes in
changing the TLD for new patients, with additional
personnel required as well as in reading the TLD results.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to
resolve the expensive and inefficient nature of TLD will not
only increase material and personnel expenses, but also
eventually lead to both unnecessary delays in patients
receiving treatment in real-time and fewer patients
receiving this treatment owing to its complexity.

V d 2 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should determine the proper
neutron contamination dose for cancer patients.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, neutron dose can
be determined using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and survey meters.
A difference value between the two meters can then be derived, enabling the
use of only a survey meters to determine the neutron dose in clinical settings.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, analysis results can indicate that using only a
survy-meter to determine the neutron dose can yield the same outcome as that
of thermoluminescence dosimeters. If desired, the proper neutron dose can be
determined through use of only the value of a survey-meter through
multiplication by a factor of difference values between the two meters.
Conversely, the conventional method must spend five minutes to determine the
proper neutron dose.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Results of this study can
demonstrate that, in addition to obtaining the proper neutron dose for patients
quickly and simply, the use of only a survy-meter can decrease the time to read
the data thermoluminescence dosimeters.

V d 3: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu Heat shock protein 70 can
eliminate waste material from damaged cells found in stroke patients.
Vn nghin cu However, previous investigations induced mice to
have heat shock protein 70 by using a hyperthermia procedure,
subsequently decreasing the success rate of related experiments.
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For instance,
the accuracy rate of inducing heat shock protein 70 by using the
hyperthermia procedure does not exceed 20%, accounting for the low
success rate of related experiments.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to increase the
success rate of inducing mice to have heat shock protein 70 makes it
impossible to understand how stroke and this protein are related.

V d 3 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a heat
shock protein 70 inducement procedure that contains a statistical database
of the mean atrial pressure and brain pressure for mice responding to this
protein, in which their heat shot responses can be distinguished.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, heat shot
protein 70 can be inserted into the genetic sequence of mice. This protein
can then be observed by comfocal microscopy. Next, this protein can be
examined when the mice incur a heat stroke.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed heat shock protein 70
inducement procedure can verify that this protein prevents the
degeneration of mice cells by nearly 50%. The face that the mice carry this
protein can also be confirmed.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, the
proposed procedure can facilitate an assessment of whether mice carry
heat shot protein 70, ultimately lowering the extent of harm to stroke
patients.

V d 4: Radiotechnology
Thit lp cc xut nghin cu With the increasing incidence of acute
ischemia strokes in recent year, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) is used to diagnose its early stages. While diffusion
weighted MRI is an effective means of detecting acute strokes, water diffusion
has been introduced as an additional MRI contrast parameter. While
demonstrating the feasibility of using diffusion MRI to detect acute strokes in
early stages, Mosely indicated a significantly lowered diffusion coefficient in
acute stroke areas. This finding has become an important application of
diffusion MRI since conventional MRI has too low of a contrast for ischemic
results, especially in the very early and potentially reversible phase. As is well
known, among the available MRI aproaches, diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)
is an important clinical procedure for diagnosing acute cerebral infarctions.
Vn nghin cu However, the conventional means of diagnosing acute
cerebral infarctions, in which clinical physicians review the medical history of
patients and current conditions as well as make a subjective assessment in
diagnosing stroke cases, normally makes it impossible not only to diagnose
patients with an acute stroke the first time, but also to identify the type and
regional geography of such a stroke accurately.

V d 4 (cont.)
c im k thut nh lng ca vn nghin cu For some
stroke patients, conventionally used computed tomography methods
examine acute brain strokes, whose acute infraction area has normally
extended for over 24 hours. However, diffusion-weighted MRI
examines acute infraction stroke more effectively than CT does, i.e. up
to 6 hours less time during examination of acute infract strokes.
However, when traditional DWI examination is performed to understand
precisely the stroke type and field range aspect, clinical physicians can
only diagnose an acute brain stroke from an image through visual
observation. For instance, a small infarct has a size of less than 3 mm.
Tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu The inability to diagnose an
acute infract stroke accurately upon first examination makes it
impossible for clinical physicians to perform gold period grant
medication therapy for stroke patients. Consequently, the therapeutic
outcome is poor, with the extent of brain tissue damage not minimized
to the lowest possible level, possibly losing the opportunity for complete
recovery of functions.

V d 4 (cont.)
Mc tiu nghin cu Based on the above, we should develop a quantitative
measurement method than can reconstruct and analyze a 3D infarct field range.
Phng php t c mc tiu nghin cu To do so, patients with an
acute infarction stroke having occurred less than six hours previously can be
examined by a clinical physician. Diffusion-weighted MRI can then be performed
to take 2D images. Next, 3D-Doctor software can be composed of a 3D image
by each slice of a 2D transverse image. Additionally, the interesting infarct area
can be identified and marked. Moreover, the level of severity for infarct range
can be marked by a darkish color of varying degrees.
Kt qu d kin As anticipated, the proposed method can identify an infarct
area with an order of severity by classifying grades according to a darkish color
of varying degrees. Moreover, the proposed method can also locate an infarct
area with an order of severity under 60% for purposes of thrombus dissolution
treatment.
ng gp trong lnh vc l thuyt v thc tin Importantly, the proposed
method can be used as a standard based on darkish colors of varying degrees
for clinical physicians attempting to determine the proper dosage amount of
medicine.

Ti liu tham kho


Knoy, T (2002) Writing Effective Work
Proposals. Taipei: Yang Chih Publishing

Further details can be found at


http://www.chineseowl.idv.tw

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