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What is a scalar?
Scalar quantities are measured with numbers and units.
length
temperature
time
(e.g. 16 cm)
(e.g. 102 C)
(e.g. 7 s)
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What is a vector?
Vector quantities are measured with numbers and units, but
also have a specific direction.
acceleration
displacement
force
(e.g. 30 m/s2
upwards)
(e.g. 2 N
downwards)
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Speed or velocity?
Distance is a scalar and displacement is a vector.
Similarly, speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector.
Speed is the rate of change of distance in
the direction of travel. Speedometers in cars
measure speed.
Velocity is a rate of change of displacement and has both
magnitude and direction.
Averages of both can be useful:
average
speed
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distance
time
average
displacement
=
velocity
time
Vector or scalar?
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Adding vectors
Displacement is a quantity that is independent of the
route taken between start and end points.
If a car moves from A to B and then to C, its total
displacement will be the same as if it had just moved in a
straight line from A to C.
C
B
Two or more displacement
vectors can be added
nose to tail to calculate a
A
resultant vector.
resultant vector
Any two vectors of the same type can be added in this way
to find a resultant.
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Simplifying vectors
Because of the way vectors are added, it is always possible to
simplify a vector by splitting it into components.
y
A
x
x component
y component
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v = u + at
s = (u + v)t
v2 = u2 + 2as
s = ut + at2
Representing motion
The symbol a represents acceleration.
The symbol t represents time.
Displacement, s is always measured relative to a starting
position, so it is always true that when t = 0, s = 0.
Velocity at time t is represented by v, and u represents the
value of v when t = 0. This is the initial velocity.
a = acceleration
t = time
s = displacement
v = velocity
u = initial velocity
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= u + at
v2 = u2 + 2as
u=?
v=?
a=?
s=?
t=?
Boardworks Ltd 2009
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s = 100
20
102 02
s=
2 x 10
s = 5m
Boardworks Ltd 2009
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s = (u + v)t
s =
ut + at2
u=?
v=?
a=?
s=?
t=?
Boardworks Ltd 2009
Calculating displacement
A car travelling at 20 m/s takes five seconds to stop.
What is the stopping distance of the car?
First write down what you know about u, v, a, s and t:
u = 20 m/s
v = 0 m/s
a=
s=?
t = 5s
The question gives u, v and t and asks for a value for s, so the
relevant equation is s = (u + v)t:
s = (20 + 0) 5
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s = 20 5
s = 50 m
Boardworks Ltd 2009
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s ut
t2
50 (0 6)
66
a=
50
18
a = 2.8 m/s2
Boardworks Ltd 2009
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Forces on a projectile
What are the two forces that act on a freely moving projectile?
Air resistance and gravity.
Depending on the shape and density of
an object, it is often possible to ignore the
effects of air resistance.
This reduces the forces on the object to one
constant force in a constant direction, giving:
constant horizontal velocity
constant vertical acceleration.
Horizontal motion is therefore very simple, and vertical motion
can be solved with the constant acceleration equations.
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Forces on a projectile
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Projectile calculations
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Momentum
Momentum is a vector quantity given by the following formula:
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Conservation of momentum
Momentum is always conserved in any event or interaction:
initial
momentum
final
momentum
Calculating momentum
Two vehicles, each weighing 1.5 tonnes, are driving towards
each other at 30 mph. If they collide, what will happen?
10 m/s
10 m/s
Momentum calculations
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Glossary
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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