Part 1: Chemical

Quantities

Introduction
How did you determine the number of
M&Ms in the bag without actually counting?

Atoms
Can you determine
the number of atoms
of an element even
though you can not
actually count them?
Yes IF there is a
conversion factor that
allows you to convert
between mass and
number of atoms.

Moles
The SI base unit that
measures amount of
substance
Avogadros Number:
6.02 x 1023 atoms

Moles and Atomic Mass

The atomic mass of an
element in grams contains
one mole of atoms
(Avogadros number of
atoms)
Example: There are 6.02 x
1023 (or 1.0 moles) of atoms
in 12.011 g of carbon

Moles as Conversion Factors

Use moles/grams (or grams/moles) as a conversion
factor
Ex: 16.0 g oxygen
----------------------------1 mole oxygen

Example 1
How many moles of helium atoms are in 6.8 grams?

Example 2
How many grams is equal to 1.51 moles of iron?

Examples 3, 4, and 5
17.6 grams of chlorine is equal to how many moles?
How many moles of nickel do you have if you have 65.1
g?
React 1.9 moles of sodium with chlorine gas to get
sodium chloride. How many grams of sodium do you
need?

Calculating Molar Mass

Atomic Mass of an element = molar mass
Molar mass of a compound must be calculated

Calculating Molar Mass

How many oxygens are in
a DOZEN water
molecules?
How many hydrogens?

Calculating Molar Mass

One mole of WATER
MOLECULES (H2O) is
one mole of oxygen
atoms and two
moles of hydrogen
atoms
Calculate the mass
of one mole of
water molecules

Calculate the molar mass of

Boron Trifluoride
Sodium Iodide
Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Copper (III) Sulfate

REMEMBER!
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of an
element/compound.
Molar mass has units of grams/mole.
Molar mass can be used as a conversion factor to find
grams or find moles.

What you should know so far:

Explain the concept of a mole and give a definition
Explain how one mole of an element is related to atomic
mass
Find the molar mass of an element (using correct units)
Determine the number of grams/moles of a given
element using molar mass
Calculate the molar mass of a compound
Determine the number of grams/moles of a given
compound using molar mass

Making A Solution
You want to make a
solution by dissolving 4.00
moles of potassium
nitrate in water. How
many grams of the
compound will you need?

Example!
Calculate the
number of moles in
a 13.8-g sample of
butane lighter fluid.
The formula for
butane is C4H10.

Find the mass of:

0.702 mol Be.

2.40 mol N2.

0.160 mol H2O2.

5.08 mol NaNO3.

Find the number

of moles.
187 g Al
0.264 g
Li2HPO4
333 g SnF2

 How many grams are in 5.66 mol of CaCO3?

 How many moles are in 508 grams of ethanol, CH 3CH2OH?

Part 2: Moles of a Gas

Gases
Solids/liquids are packed
tightly together and more
space is needed if
atoms/molecules are
larger
Atoms/molecules in
gases are far apart, so
larger atoms/molecules
do not need more space

Mole-Volume Relationship
Avogadros Hypothesis
equal volumes of gases
contain equal numbers of
particles
1 mole of any gas takes up
the same volume as long
as

STP
as long as the gases
are at the same
pressures and
temperatures
STP, or standard
temperature and
pressure means 0oC
and 1 atmosphere,
which is air pressure at
sea level

Calculating Moles of a Gas

At STP, a mole of any
gas takes up 22.4 liters.
Use 22.4 L/mol as a
conversion factor!

Example 1
How many liters will
a 0.19-mole sample
of oxygen gas take
up?

Example 2
A blimp has a volume of 95 kL (95,000 L). If
it is filled with helium at STP, how many
moles of the gas are contained within the
blimp?

Examples 3 and 4
Find the number of moles in a
sample of chlorine gas stored in a
14.2-liter tank at STP.

What is the volume of

0.18 moles of xenon at
STP?

 Look up molar mass of elements / calculate molar mass

of compounds
Convert moles-grams using molar mass as the
conversion factor (elements and compounds)
Convert moles-liters of a gas using molar volume (22.4
L/mol)

Mass
(g)

Conversion Factor:
molar mass

MOLES
Conversion Factor:
molar volume
(22.4 L / 1 mol)

Volume (L)

Conversion Factor:
Avogadros number
6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol

# Atoms

Challenge Problem
Calculate the mass
of 16.4 L of chlorine
gas at STP.

Part 3: Molarity

Molarity
Molarity is a measure of how
concentrated a solution is
Amount of solute per volume of
solution
High concentration / high molarity

Molarity
Measured in units of moles/liter
mol/L = M
A 2.5 M solution has 2.5 moles of salt in one liter of water

Molarity Problems
To make one liter of a 2.5
molar solution of sodium
chloride, how many
grams of sodium chloride
do you need?

Molarity Problems
SET MOLARITY PROBLEMS
UP AS A PROPORTION!

How many moles of silver

nitrate (AgNO3) are in 0.4
L of a 6.0 M solution?
How many grams of silver
nitrate is that?

Molarity Problem #3
How many grams of lead(IV) chloride must be dissolved
in 50 mL of water to make a 0.1 M solution?
Remember: 0.1 M = 0.1 mol/L

Molarity Problem #4
If you dissolve 56 g of sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11) into a
liter of water, what is the molarity of the solution you
created?

Part 3: Percent
Composition
Section 10.3, page 305

 Methane, CH4, is made of solely hydrogen

and carbon. What percent of the compound
is hydrogen? What percent is carbon?

Percent Composition
Remember that some atoms
are larger, by mass, than
others
Mass of each atom must be
taken into account when
calculating percent
composition

Percent Composition
Percent composition = % (by mass) of each atom in a
compound

mass of element
% composition = --------------------------- x
100%
mass of compound

Example 1
15.1 grams of oxygen combine with 1.9 g of hydrogen
to make water. Find the percent composition of each
element.

Example 2
A sample of glucose is synthesized from 58.00 g
carbon, 9.73 g hydrogen, and 77.27 g oxygen. Find the
percent composition for each element.

Percent Composition and Chemical

Formulas
Allows you to find the %
composition of an element
in a compound without
knowing the mass of that
element
molar mass of element
% composition = --------------------------------------- x
100%
molar mass of compound

Example 1
What percentage of a sample of table salt, sodium
chloride, is sodium?

Example 2
Determine the percent composition of iron (III) oxide.

Example 3
Hypochlorous acid is one of the active sanitizers in
pool-cleaning products. Its formula is HClO. What
percent of the compound is oxygen?

Using Percent Composition

to Calculate Mass
To calculate mass of one
element in a specific
mass of a compound,
multiply the mass of the
compound by the
percent composition of
that element.

Using Percent Composition

to Calculate Mass
Example:
Carbon is 27.3%
of CO2. Of 45.1 g
of CO2, what
mass is carbon?

27.3% x 45.1 g = 12.3 g

Example 1
Find the number of grams of sodium in 10.1 g of sodium
sulfate.

HINT! First write the formula for sodium

sulfate, then find the % sodium.