CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Composition of blood

Composition of blood
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets

Function
To transport oxygen
To defend against
diseases
Blood clotting

Clotting of the blood

Ruptured
platelets and
damaged tissues
Calcium
ions

Fibrin
fiber

Vitamin
K
Trombokinase

Prothrombin
(plasma
protein)

Thrombi
n

Fibrinogen
(plasma

Red
blood
cell

Fibrin
Clotting process

Compatibility of blood group in

the ABO system

The Rhesus Factor

People who have antigen Rhesus are called Rhesus positive

(Rh+).
Those without it are called Rhesus negative (Rh-)
The Rhesus antigen is inherited as a dominant factor.
This may lead to agglutination in foetal blood.
If both parents are Rh+, their offspring will be Rh+.
If one of the parents is Rh+, their offspring will probably be
Rh+.
But if the mother is Rh- and her child is Rh+, in certain cases
the mother then becomes sensitive to the positive factor in
the childs blood and she develops the anti-Rh antibodies.

Father
Rh+

Mother
Rh-

Child Rh +

If future pregnancies, any anti-Rh antibodies produced by the

mother may affect the Rh+ red cells of the foetus should they
seep through the placenta and enter the foetal circulation.

The structure of the heart.

Diastole
Blood enters atria and ventricles
from pulmonary veins and vena
cava
Pocket
valves
closed
Bicuspid
and
tricuspid
valves
Relaxation
open
of
ventricles
draws
blood from
with atria

Atria are relaxed and fill

blood. Ventricles are also

Atrial Systole

Atria
contract
to push
remaining
blood into
ventricles
Pockets
valves
closed
Bikuspid and
tricuspid
valves open

Atria contract pushing blood

into ventricles. Ventricles
remain relaxed.

Blood
pumped
from atria to
ventricles

Ventricular Systole
Blood pumped into pulmonary
arteries and aorta
Pocket valves
open.

Bicuspid and
tricuspid
valves
closed
Ventricles
contract

Atria relaxed. Ventricles contract

pushing blood away from heart
through pulmonary arteries and

Diseases Related to the

Circulatory System
Arteriosclerosis

narrowing of the
arteries due to thickening of the arterial
wall cause by fat, fibrous tissue and
salts being deposited on it (also referred
to as hardening of the arteries).
High and low blood pressure.
Heart attack main coronary artery is
blocked, the whole of heart muscles
may be deprived of blood, resulting in
death.

The Human Lymphatic

System

The Lymphatics System

Functions.

Lymph is a colourless body fluid, derived by

filtration from the blood.

Lymph has 2 main functions :-

1.

It acts as a middle-man between the tissues of

the body and the blood.Materials needed by
tissues cells pass out through the wall of the
blood vessels and become dissolved in lymph,
which is in contact with the cells surface.
Waste materials and cells products such as
hormones pass from tissue cells to the lymph
and then to the blood vessels.

2.

It is involved in defence against diseases. Lymph

contains lymphocytes, cells which act like some
white blood cells by producing antibodies.
Lymphocytes are made in lymph nodes (glands)