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H 40 50 -10 100 2
T 60 50 10 100 2
100 100 0 200 4
• Chi square distribution
Basics cont...
• Next is the value ∑(O-E)2/E can occur by
chance
• Need to know the Chi square distribution
or the probability distribution of χ2 statistic
• Chi square is a positively skewed
distribution beginning at 0.
• Degrees of freedom determined by
number of independent deviations (O-E)
on contingency table
Assumptions
• The data used for analysis comes from a random sample.
• The size of the sample is large. Applying chi-square to
small samples exposes the researcher to an unacceptable
rate of type 2 errors
• Adequate cell sizes are also assumed
• Observations are assumed to be independent. The same
observation can only appear in one cell.
• It is assumed that chi-square tests the hypothesis that two
variables are related only by chance. If a significant
relationship is found, this is not equivalent to establishing
the researcher's hypothesis that A causes B, or that B
causes A.
• It is assumed that values are finite. Observations
must be grouped in categories.
Outcome
Exposure
Less than 10
•Calculate the χ 2 value
•Using a χ 2 Table
5
km
•Interpreting the Result
CALCULATE χ 2
VALUE
• Expected frequency (E) for each cell.
E = row total x column total / grand (overall) total
• Each cell, subtract the expected frequency
from the observed frequency (O)
O-E
• For each cell square the result of (O-E) and
divide by expected frequency E.
Contd..
• Step 1(b) to (1d)
χ 2 = (51-44.4)2 / 44.4 + …… + …… + …….
= 0.98 + 1.22 + 1.05 + 1.30 = 4.55
• Step 2
- (df) is 1
- table of chi-square decided p-value = 0.05
- d.f. is 1, we look along row in the column where p=0.05.
This gives us value of 3.84. Our value of 4.55 is > 3.84,
Contd..
INTERPRETING THE RESULT
• Step 3
- We can now conclude that the women
living within the distance of 10 km from
the clinic used antenatal care
significantly more often than women
living more than 10 km away.
• Odds Ratio= ad/bc
• Relative Risk= a/a+b/c/c+d
• Attack rate = Exposure specific risk =
•
QUICK FORMULA
• For two-by-two tables there is a quick method for calculating the
chi-square value, which can replace step 1 described above.
If the various numbers in the cross table are represented by the
following letters