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Highway Engineering
Lecture
8
Structural Design
Flexible Pavement Design
The Design Process: Cumulative
Equivalent Standard Axle Loading
Road Note 31
CBR
Bituminous Surfacings
Structural Design
Flexible Pavement
The Design Process
The (forecast) cumulative equivalent standard
axle (ESAL) loading on a pavement for a given
growth rate (g) percent over a design life of n
years can be computed from the formula:
ESALf = ESALp (1+ g/100)n
This loading and forecast applies to flexible as
well as rigid pavements. This completes the
first step in the design process.
Granular Roadbase
Bituminous Surface
(Wearing and Base Course)
Granular Subbase
VbAir Voids
Vb
A
Bitumen
Filler
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
F
l
0
V
F
B
U
n
I
t
W
t.
V
T
M
Light Traffic
(< 104 ESALs)
Min.
Compacti
on
(number
of blows
on each
end of
the
sample)
Stability
(minimu
m)
Flow
(0.25 mm
)
Percent
Max.
Medium Traffic
(10 10 ESALs)
Min.
Max.
Heavy Traffic
(> 106 ESALs)
Min.
Max.
35
50
75
2224 N
3336 N
6672 N
20
18
16