Professional Documents
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WCP1 Course
Introduction to Well
Testing
and Interpretation
Dominique Bourdet
2
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P re s s u re , p
t Dd
p BU
p Dd
R a te , q
p(t=0)
drawdown
t BU
build-up
Time, t
Drawdown :
Build-up :
p pi p(t )
p p(t ) p( t 0)
3
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4
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5
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Well productivity
Fluid properties (sampling)
6
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Well productivity
Average pressure
7
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Results
Permeability (horizontal k and vertical kv)
Reservoir heterogeneities
natural fractures,
layering,
change of characteristics.
Pressure (initial pi and average p )
8
Well geometry
9
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Interpretation Methodology
I
input
system
O
output
Inverse problem : O / I = S
Direct problem :
1
0
I *S = O
WELL DATA
Wellbore radius rw and geometry
Depths (formation, gauges)
1
1
1
2
1
4
R at e , q P r e ssur e , p
Build-up
Stabilized
rate
Time, t
Flowhead
BOP Stack
Casing
Tubing
Test tool
1
6
Packer
OFFSHORE TESTING
Fixed point at
Packer
1
7
Open hole
packer
Barefoot
Zonal Isolation
Cased hole
1
8
Surface Equipment
FLOW HEAD: flowing, killing, wireline
CHOKE MANIFOLD: positive & adjustable
HEATER: hydrates, high viscosity
SEPARATOR: metering of three phases
TANK: oil rate
BURNER
1
9
Surface Equipment
SURFACE SETUP
Flowhead
Burner
Choke
maniflod
Heater
Gas
Rig HP
pump
Gas
manifold
Separator
Water
Air
pump
compressor
Water
Surge
Oil
Oil
manifold
tank
Burner
Transfer pump
2
0
Test Separator
Gas
Effluent
Water
Oil
2
2
Safety
EQUIPMENT: pressure, temperature, sour gas
PROCEDURE: pressure test, emergency shut-down,
day / night, safe area
ENVIRONMENT: burning, oil drop out
2
3
Wellbore Storage
rw
pi
pw
2
4
Pressure, p
Wellbore Storage
tDd
pDd
pBU
tBU
Rate, q
q Surface
q Sand Face
Time, t
2
5
Wellbore Storage
C : wellbore storage coefficient
V
C
coVw (Bbl/psi)
p
with
co
: fluid compressibility
Vw
: wellbore volume
non-eruptive well:
2
6
Vu
C
g
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Wellbore Storage
Pressure change, p
qB
p
t
24C
Elapsed time, t
2
7
homogeneous behavior)
p
pi
rw
ri
S=0
pwf
2
8
ri
rw
S>0
pwf(S=0)
p skin
pwf(S>0)
pi
Pwf(S<0)
Pwf(S=0)
2
9
S<0
p skin
kh
S
pSkin
141.2qB
ks
rs
rw
141.2qB
r
141.2qB
r
ln S
ln S
kS h
rw
kh
rw
kh
pw,S pw,S 0 k 1 ln rS
S
141.2qB
rw
kS
pw, S pw, S 0
rwe rw e S
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qB
k
p 162.6
log t log
3.23 0.87 S
2
kh
ct rw
Semi-log
straight
line
3
2
qB
kh 162.6
m
2. the straight line intercept: the skin factor S
p1 hr
k
S 1.151
log
3.23
2
ct rw
m
3
3
pressure, psi
6000
no skin
4000
moderate skin
2000
0
0
10
20
30
40
30
40
time, hours
permeability
pressure, psi
- High
6000
high skin
4000
very high skin
2000
0
0
3
4
10
20
time, hours
3000
moderate skin
2000
1000
p skin
no skin
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
time, hours
- High
permeability
3000
p skin
1000
high skin
0
0.001
3
5
0.01
0.1
10
100
time, hours
xf
3
6
Straight line
with the
pressure versus
the square root
of time
ct k
P re s s u re c h a n g e , p
qB
p 4.06
hx f
t
3
7
Example
SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS
3000
pr e s u r e c h a n ge, ps i
2500
2000
1500
1000
m=
Dp(1hr)=
kh =
S=
psi/cycle
psi
md.ft
500
0
1.00E-03
1.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
time, hours
3
8
Example
P
PSI
3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000. 5500.
SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS
10 -3
3
9
1996/01/01-1000 : OIL
SLOPE
10 -2
10 -1
Delta-T (hr)
10 0
10 1
pi
re
pw
4
0
pi
rw
re
pw
4
1
rw
re
pw
4
2
Pressure, p
pi
ppseudo s
tea
dy state
slope m*
Time, t
4
3
qB
qB
p 0.234
t 162.6
ct hA
kh
A
log r 2
qB
hA 0.234
ct m *
4
4
Well Responses
FLOW REGIMES
Geometry of the flow lines :
radial, linear, spherical, etc.
Pressure : (t) = log t ,
t , 1
etc.
Straight line on a specialized pressure versus time plot.
4
5
Well Responses
WELL RESPONSES
Fractured well:
1. Linear
2. Radial
Well in a channel:
1. Radial
2. Linear
4
6
Build-up analysis
Semi-log scale: Horner plot
Pressure, psia
4000
slope m
3750
3500
3250
3000
1
4
7
101
102
(tp + t) / t
103
104
Log-log Scale
102
CDe2S
10
10-1
4
8
10-1
10
102
Dimensionless time,tDCD
103
104
Derivative Analysis
Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
1.0E+03
pressure
1.0E+02
derivative
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
t, hours
4
9
Derivative Analysis
Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
Dimensionless pressure, pD
102
60
10
40
10
1030
10
60
50
50
10
DAMAGED
1020
10
10
Approximate
40
10
10
10
30
end of
10
10
20
wellbore
10
10
10
storage 1015
10
1015
NORMAL
10
1060
1050
1040
1030
1020
1015
10810
10
6
10 104
103 102
10
1
3
0.3
ACIDIZED
CD e 2S
10
4
3
10
10
3
1
0.3
10
10
10
CD e 2S
10
10-1
10-1
10
102
103
104
105
Testing
End of Module