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Basic Concepts
Chapter 9
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e- configuration
# of valence e-
1A
ns1
2A
ns2
3A
ns2np1
4A
ns2np2
5A
ns2np3
6A
ns2np4
7A
ns2np5
7
9.1
9.1
e +
Li+ +
Li+ F [He]
1s
1s2[2Ne]
2s22p6
Li
Li+ + e-
F -
F -
Li+ F -
9.2
E = k Q+Qr
cmpd
MgF2
MgO
LiF
LiCl
lattice energy
2957 Q= +2,-1
3938 Q= +2,-2
1036
r F- < r Cl853
9.3
o
Hoverall
= H1o+ H2o+ H3o+ H4o+ H5 o
9.3
9.3
Chemistry In Action:
Sodium Chloride
Mining Salt
7e-
F F
7e-
8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
single covalent bond
lone pairs
F F
lone pairs
lone pairs
lone pairs
9.4
O +
H O H
or
or
double bonds
8e- 8ebonds
8edouble
or
triple bond
9.4
Bond Lengths
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond
9.4
9.4
electron poor
region
electron rich
region
e- poor
H
+
e- rich
F
-
9.5
X-(g)
9.5
9.5
9.5
Difference
Bond Type
Covalent
2
0 < and <2
Ionic
Polar Covalent
Polar Covalent
share e-
partial transfer of e-
Ionic
transfer e9.5
Cl 3.0
Ionic
H 2.1
S 2.5
Polar Covalent
N 3.0
N 3.0
3.0 3.0 = 0
Covalent
9.5
F
9.6
C
O
total number
of valence
electrons in
the free atom
total number
of nonbonding
electrons
1
2
total number
of bonding
electrons
-1
+1
formal charge
on an atom in
a Lewis
structure
total number
of valence
electrons in
the free atom
total number
of nonbonding
electrons
formal charge
on C
= 4 -2 - x 6 = -1
formal charge
on O
= 6 -2 - x 6 = +1
1
2
total number
of bonding
electrons
9.7
H
H
0
C
formal charge
on an atom in
a Lewis
structure
0
O
total number
of nonbonding
electrons
formal charge
on C
= 4 - 0 - x 8 = 0
formal charge
on O
= 6 -4 - x 4 = 0
1
2
total number
of bonding
electrons
9.7
-1
+1
H
H
0
C
0
O
9.7
C
O
C
O
O
-
C
O
O
-
9.8
BeH2
BF3
B 3e3F 3x7e24e-
Be 2e2H 2x1e4e-
Be
F
9.9
NO
N 5eO 6e11e-
The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
SF6
S 6e6F 42e48e-
S
F
9.9
N2 (g) + O2 (g)
2NO (g)
H2 (g)
H (g) + H (g)
Cl2 (g)
HCl (g)
O2 (g)
N2 (g)
Bond Energies
Single bond < Double bond < Triple bond
9.10
H0 = 427 kJ
502 + 427
= 464 kJ
Average OH bond energy =
2
9.10
9.10
2HCl (g)
2H2O (g)
9.10
Type of
bonds formed
Number of
bonds broken
Bond energy
(kJ/mol)
Energy
change (kJ)
1
1
436.4
156.9
436.4
156.9
Number of
bonds formed
Bond energy
(kJ/mol)
Energy
change (kJ)
568.2
1136.4