Trigonometry

Exact Values
Angles greater than 90o
Useful Notation & Area of a triangle
Using Area of Triangle Formula
Sine Rule Problems
Cosine Rule Problems
Mixed Problems
11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. Factorise x2 - 36
2. A car depreciates at 20% each year.
How much is it worth after 4 years if it cost
15 000 initially.
3. What sin30o as a fraction.
11 Feb 2015

Exact Values
Learning Intention
1. To build on basic
trigonometry values.

Success Criteria
1. Recognise basic triangles and
exact values for sin, cos and
tan 30o, 45o, 60o .
2. Calculate exact values for
problems.

11 Feb 2015

Exact Values
Some special values of Sin, Cos and Tan are useful
left as fractions, We call these exact values

2
60

60

30
3

60

2
1

This triangle will provide exact values for

sin, cos and tan 30 and 60

60

Exact Values
x
Sin x
Cos x
Tan x

60

90

3
2

1
3

30

45

Exact Values
Consider the square with sides 1 unit

1
1

45
1

2
45
1

We are now in a position to calculate

exact values for sin, cos and tan of 45o

Exact Values
x
Sin x
Cos x
Tan x

30

45

60

90

1
2

3
2

3
2

1
2

1
3

Exact Values
Now try Exercise 1
Ch8 (page 94)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. Write down the Compound Interest Formula
and identify each term.
2. A house increases by 3% each year.
How much is it worth in 5 years if it cost
40 000 initially.
3. What is the exact value of sin 45o.
11 Feb 2015

Angles Greater than 90o

Learning Intention
1. Introduce definition of
sine, cosine and tangent
over 360o using triangles
with the unity circle.

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Find values of sine, cosine
and tangent over the range 0o
to 360o.
2. Recognise the symmetry and
equal values for sine, cosine
and tangent.

r
x

Angles Greater than 90o

We will now use a new definition to cater for ALL angles.

New Definitions

y-axis

y
O

P(x,y)

r
A

y
sin A
r

x-axis

x
cos A
r
tan A

Feb 11, 2015

y
x
11

Trigonometry
Angles over 900

Example 1

The radius line is 2cm.

The point (1.2, 1.6).

(1.2, 1.6)

Find sin cos and tan for

the angle.

1.6
sin 53
0.8
2
o

cos 53o
tan 53o
11 Feb 2015

1.2
0.6
2

1.6
1.33
1.2

Check answer
with calculator

53o

Trigonometry
Example 1

Angles over 900

The radius line is 2cm.

The point (-1.8, 0.8).
Find sin cos and tan for
the angle.

0.8
o
sin127
0.4
2
cos127 o
tan 53o
11 Feb 2015

1.8
0.9
2

0.8
0.44
1.8

Check answer
with calculator
(-1.8, 0.8)

127o

What Goes In The Box ?

Write down the equivalent values of the following
in term of the first quadrant (between 0o and 90o):
1) Sin 135o

sin 45o

1) Sin 300o

- sin 60o

2) Cos 150o

-cos 45o

2) Cos 360o

cos 0o

3) Tan 135

-tan 45o

3) Tan 330

- tan 30o

-sin 45o

4) Sin 380

4) Sin 225o
5) Cos 270o

-cos 90o

5) Cos 460o

sin 20o
- cos 80o

Trigonometry
Angles over 900

Now try Exercise 2

Ch8 (page 97)

11 Feb 2015

Trigonometry
Angles over 900

Extension for unit 2 Trigonometry

GSM Software

11 Feb 2015

Angles Greater than 90o

Two diagrams display same data in a different format
Sin +ve
180 - x
o

(0,1)

A0

(-1,0)
180 + x
o

Tan +ve

All +ve
(1,0)

360o - xo
(0,-1)
Cos +ve

Starter Questions
1. Find the area of the triangle.
3cm

2. Factorise x - 4x + 3
2

8cm

3. Find the exact value of cos 120 .

o

11 Feb 2015

Area of a Triangle
Learning Intention

Success Criteria

1. To show the standard way

of labelling a triangle.

1. Be able to label a triangle

properly.

2. Find the area of a triangle

using basic trigonometry
knowledge.

2. Find the area of a triangle

using basic trigonometry
knowledge.

11 Feb 2015

Labelling Triangles
In Mathematics we have a convention for labelling triangles.

A
11 Feb 2015

C
b
Small letters a, b, c refer to distances
Capital letters A, B, C refer to angles

Labelling Triangles
Have a go at labelling the following triangle.

D
11 Feb 2015

F
e

Area of a Triangle
Example 1 : Find the area of the triangle ABC.

10cm

50o

11 Feb 2015

(i)

Draw in a line from B to AC

(ii)

Calculate height BD

BD
Sin50 =
10
o

7.66cm

D
12cm

BD = 10 Sin50o = 7.66
(iii)

Area

1
Area base height
2
0.5 12 7.66 46cm 2

Area of a Triangle
Example 2 : Find the area of the triangle PQR.

12cm

40o

11 Feb 2015

(i)

Draw in a line from P to QR

(ii)

Calculate height PS

PS
Sin40 =
10
o

7.71cm

S
20cm

PS = 12 Sin40o = 7.71
(iii)

Area

1
Area base height
2
0.5 20 7.71 77.1cm 2

Constructing Pie Charts

Now try Exercise 3

Ch8 (page 99)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. Multiply out and simplify 2( x 3) (4 x)

2. Find the volume of a cylinder 15cm in height

and 10cm in diameter.
3. Write down the two values for sin
that give a value of 0.5
11 Feb 2015

Area of ANY Triangle

Learning Intention
1. To explain how to use the
Area formula for ANY
triangle.

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Know the formula for the
area of any triangle.
2. Use formula to find area of
any triangle given two length
and angle in between.

General Formula for

Area of ANY Triangle
Co
Consider the triangle below:

Ao
Area = x base x height

1
A ch
2
1
A c b sin Ao
2

1
A bc sin Ao
2

Bo

What does the sine of Ao equal

h
o
sin A
b
Change the subject to h.
h = b sinAo
Substitute into the area formula

Key feature

Area of ANY Triangle

To find the area
you need to knowing
The area
of ANY
can be found
2 sides
andtriangle
the angle
byinthe
following
formula.
between
(SAS)

C
b

A
11 Feb 2015

1
Area= bc sin A
2
Another version

1
Area= ac sin B
2
Another version

1
Area= ab sin C
2

Area of ANY Triangle

Example : Find the area of the triangle.

B
c

The version we use is

20cm
30o
25cm

1
Area= ab sin C
2

C
1
Area 20 25 sin 30o
2
Area 10 25 0.5 125cm 2

11 Feb 2015

Area of ANY Triangle

Example : Find the area of the triangle.
The version we use is

E
60o
8cm

1
Area= df sin E
2

10cm
F

1
Area 8 10 sin 60o
2

Area 40 0.866 34.64cm 2

11 Feb 2015

Key feature

What Goes In The Box

?
Remember
(SAS)

Calculate the areas of the triangles below:

(1)

12.6cm
A =36.9cm2

23o
15cm
(2)
5.7m
71

6.2m

A =16.7m2

Area of ANY Triangle

Now try Exercise 4

Ch8 (page 100)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. Multiply out the brackets and simplify
5(y - 5) - 7(5 - y)
2. Find the gradient and the y - intercept
3
for the line with equation y = 5x 4
3. Factorise x2 - 100
11 Feb 2015

Sine Rule
Learning Intention
1. To show how to use the
sine rule to solve REAL
LIFE problems involving
finding the length of a
side of a triangle .

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Know how to use the sine
rule to solve REAL LIFE
problems involving lengths.

Sine Rule
Works for any Triangle

The Sine Rule can be used with ANY triangle

as long as we have been given enough information.

a
b
c
=
=
SinA SinB SinC

c
A

11 Feb 2015

a
C
b

The Sine Rule

Consider a general triangle ABC.

Deriving the rule

C

SinB

CP
CP bSinA
b
aSinB bSinA

a
P

Draw CP perpendicular to BA

CP
CP aSinB
a

also SinA

aSinB
b
SinA
a
b

SinA SinB

This can be extended to

a
b
c

SinA SinB SinC

or equivalently

SinA SinB SinC

a
b
c

Calculating Sides
Using The Sine Rule
Example 1 : Find the length of a in this triangle.
B
a
10m
A

41

34o

Match up corresponding sides and angles:

10
a

o
sin 34o
sin 41

Now cross multiply.

a sin 34o 10sin 41o

10sin 41o
a
sin 34o

Solve for a.
10 0.656
11.74m
0.559

Calculating Sides
Using The Sine Rule
Example 2 : Find the length of d in this triangle.
D
10m
o
133
C

37o

Match up corresponding sides and angles:

E
d

d
10

o
sin133
sin 37 o

Now cross multiply.

d sin 37o 10sin133o

Solve for d.

10sin133o
d
sin 37 o

10 0.731
= 12.14m
0.602

What goes in the Box ?

Find the unknown side in each of the triangles below:

12cm

(1)

32

72o

47o

b
93o

a = 6.7cm
11 Feb 2015

(2)

16mm

b = 21.8mm

Sine Rule
Now try Ex 6&7
Ch8 (page 103)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. Factorise 9x - 36
2. Find the gradient and the y - intercept
3
1
for the line with equation y = - x +
4
5
3. Write down the two values of cos
1
that give you a value of
2

11 Feb 2015

Sine Rule
Learning Intention
1. To show how to use the
sine rule to solve problems
involving finding an angle
of a triangle .

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Know how to use the sine
rule to solve problems
involving angles.

Calculating Angles
Using The Sine Rule
Example 1 :
Find the angle A

45m

38m

23o

Match up corresponding sides and angles:

45
38

sin Ao sin 23o

Now cross multiply:

38sin Ao 45sin 23o

Solve for sin Ao

45sin 23o
sin A
= 0.463
38

Use sin-1 0.463 to find Ao

Ao sin 1 0.463 27.6o

Calculating Angles
Using The Sine Rule
75m

Example 2 :
Find the angle Bo

Bo
143o

38m

Match up corresponding sides and angles:

75
38

o
sin143o
sin B

Now cross multiply:

75sin B o 38sin143o

Solve for sin Bo

o
38sin143
sin B o
75

Use sin-1 0.305 to find Bo

= 0.305

B sin 0.305 17.8

o

What Goes In The Box ?

Calculate the unknown angle in the following:
(1)

100o

8.9m

Ao

(2)

12.9cm Bo

14.5m
Ao = 37.2o

14o

14.7cm
Bo = 16o

Sine Rule
Now try Ex 8 & 9
Ch8 (page 106)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. Find the gradient of the line that passes
through the points ( 1,1) and (9,9).
2. Find the gradient and the y - intercept
for the line with equation y = 1 - x
3. Factorise x2 - 64
11 Feb 2015

Cosine Rule
Learning Intention
1. To show when to use the
cosine rule to solve
problems involving finding
the length of a side of a
triangle .

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Know when to use the cosine
rule to solve problems.
2. Solve problems that involve
finding the length of a side.

Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle

The Cosine Rule can be used with ANY triangle

as long as we have been given enough information.

a =b +c - 2bc cos A
2

c
A
11 Feb 2015

C
b

The Cosine Rule

The Cosine Rule generalises Pythagoras Theorem and
takes care of the 3 possible cases for Angle A.
Deriving the rule
B

BP = a (b x)
2

b
b

Also: BP2 = c2 x2

Consider a general triangle ABC. We

require a in terms of b, c and A.

a2 = b2 + c2
2

a2 (b x)2 = c2 x2
a2 (b2 2bx + x2) = c2 x2

b-x

Draw BP perpendicular to AC

a2 b2 + 2bx x2 = c2 x2
a2 = b2 + c2 2bx*
a = b + c 2bcCosA
2

*Since Cos A = x/c x = cCosA

When A = 90o, CosA = 0 and reduces to a2 = b2 + c2

Pythagoras

When A > 90o, CosA is positive, a2 > b2 + c2

Pythagoras + a bit

When A < 90o, CosA is negative, a2 > b2 + c2

Pythagoras - a bit

a2 > b2 + c2
3

a2 < b2 + c2

The Cosine Rule

The Cosine rule can be used to find:
1. An unknown side when two sides of the triangle and the included
angle are given.
2. An unknown angle when 3 sides are given.
B

Finding an unknown side.

a2 = b2 + c2 2bcCosA

Applying the same method as

earlier to the other sides
produce similar formulae for
b and c. namely:

b
b2 = a2 + c2 2acCosB
c2 = a2 + b2 2abCosC

Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle

How to determine when to use the Cosine Rule.

Two questions
1. Do you know ALL the lengths.

OR

SAS

2. Do you know 2 sides and the angle in between.

If YES to any of the questions then Cosine Rule
Otherwise use the Sine Rule
11 Feb 2015

Using The Cosine Rule

Works for any Triangle

Example 1 : Find the unknown side in the triangle below:

L

5m
43o

Identify sides a,b,c and angle Ao

12m
a= L

b= 5

c = 12

Ao = 43o
Write down the Cosine Rule.

2
a2 = 52 + 122 - 2 x 5 x 12 cos 43o Substitute values to find a .

a2 =

25 + 144 - (120 x 0.731 )

a2 = 81.28
a = L = 9.02m

Square root to find a.

Using The Cosine Rule

Works for any Triangle

Example 2 :

12.2 m

Find the length of side M.

a = M b = 12.2 C = 17.5

137

17.5 m

M
Ao = 137o

Identify the sides and angle.

Write down Cosine Rule

a2 = 12.22 + 17.52 ( 2 x 12.2 x 17.5 x cos 137o )

a2 = 148.84 + 306.25 ( 427 x 0.731 )
Notice the two negative signs.
a2 = 455.09 + 312.137
a2 = 767.227
a = M = 27.7m

What Goes In The Box ?

Find the length of the unknown side in the triangles:
43cm

(1)

78o
31cm

L = 47.5cm

(2)
M

5.2m

M = 5.05m

38o
8m

Cosine Rule
Now try Ex 11.1
Ch11 (page 142)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. If lines have the same gradient
What is special about them.
2. Factorise x2 + 4x - 12
54o

3. Find the missing angles.

11 Feb 2015

Cosine Rule
Learning Intention
1. To show when to use the
cosine rule to solve REAL
LIFE problems involving
finding an angle of a
triangle .

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Know when to use the cosine
rule to solve REAL LIFE
problems.
2. Solve REAL LIFE problems
that involve finding an angle
of a triangle.

Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle

The Cosine Rule can be used with ANY triangle

as long as we have been given enough information.

a =b +c - 2bc cos A
2

c
A
11 Feb 2015

C
b

Finding Angles
Using The Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle

Consider the Cosine Rule again:

We are going to change the subject of the formula to cos A o
b2 + c2 2bc cos Ao = a2

Turn the formula around:

-2bc cos Ao = a2 b2 c2

Take b2 and c2 across.

2
2
2
a

c
cos Ao
2bc

b c a
cos A
2bc
o

Divide by 2 bc.
Divide top and bottom by -1
You now have a formula for
finding an angle if you know all
three sides of the triangle.

Finding Angles
Using The Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle

Example 1 : Calculate the

unknown angle xo .
2
2
2
b

a
cos Ao
2bc

a = 11 b = 9

Ao = ?

92 162 112
cos A
2 9 16

Write down the formula for cos Ao

c = 16 Label and identify Ao and a , b and c.

Substitute values into the formula.

Cos Ao = 0.75

Calculate cos Ao .

Ao = 41.4o

Use cos-1 0.75 to find Ao

Finding Angles
Using The Cosine Rule
Works for any Triangle
Example 2: Find the unknown
Angle in the triangle:
2
2
2
b

a
cos Ao
2bc

A o = yo

a = 26

b = 15

Write down the formula.

c = 13

2
2
2
15

13

26
cos Ao
2 15 13

cosA = - 0.723
o

Ao = yo = 136.3o

Identify the sides and angle.

Find the value of cosAo
The negative tells you
the angle is obtuse.

What Goes In The Box ?

Calculate the unknown angles in the triangles below:
(1)
5m

Ao
10m
Ao =111.8o

7m

(2)

12.7cm

Bo
8.3cm

7.9cm
Bo = 37.3o

Cosine Rule
Now try Ex 11.2
Ch11 (page 143)

11 Feb 2015

Starter Questions
1. A washing machine is reduced by 10%
in a sale. It's sale price is 360.
What was the original price.
2. Factorise x - 7x +12
2

3. Find the missing angles.

11 Feb 2015

61o

Mixed problems
Learning Intention
1. To use our knowledge
gained so far to solve
various trigonometry
problems.

11 Feb 2015

Success Criteria
1. Be able to recognise the
correct trigonometric
formula to use to solve a
problem involving triangles.

The angle of elevation of the

top of a building measured
from point A is 25o. At point
D which is 15m closer to the
building, the angle of
elevation is 35o Calculate the
height of the building.

T
10o
36.5
35o
B

Angle TDA = 180 35 = 145o

Angle DTA = 180 170 = 10o
TD
15

Sin 25o Sin10o

15Sin 25o
TD
36.5 m
Sin10

145o
25o
D
15 m

Sin 35o

TB
36.5

TB 36.5Sin 35o 20.9 m

The angle of elevation of the top of a column measured from point A, is 20o.
The angle of elevation of the top of the statue is 25o. Find the height of the
statue when the measurements are taken 50 m from its base
Angle BCA = 180 110 = 70o

Angle ACT = 180 70 = 110o

Angle ATC =

65o
110o
C
70o

50
TC
53.21

Sin5o Sin 65o

AC
50
AC
53.21 Sin 5
5.1 m(1dp )
Cos 20o TC
Sin 65o
53.21 m (2dp )
Cos 20o

21
53.

180 115 = 65o

5o
20

25o
50 m

A fishing boat leaves a harbour (H) and travels due East for 40 miles to a
marker buoy (B). At B the boat turns left and sails for 24 miles to a
lighthouse (L). It then returns to harbour, a distance of 57 miles.
(a) Make a sketch of the journey.
(b) Find the bearing of the lighthouse from the harbour. (nearest degree)

572 402 242

CosA
2x 57x 40
20.4o
A

Bearing 90 20.4 070

57 miles

24 miles
A

40 miles

An AWACS aircraft takes off from RAF

Waddington (W) on a navigation
exercise. It flies 530 miles North to
a point (P) as shown, It then turns
left and flies to a point (Q), 670
miles away. Finally it flies back to
base, a distance of 520 miles.
Find the bearing of Q from point P.

b2 c 2 a2
CosA
2bc
5302 6702 5202
CosP
2x 530x 670

P 48.7o
Bearing 180 48.7 229o

Not to Scale

670 miles
530 miles

Q
520 miles

Mixed Problems

Now try Ex 14
Ch8 (page 117)

11 Feb 2015