Younes

Sina

Chapter 14

Expansion of Gases

Thethermal expansion of a
gasinvolves3 variables:
Volume
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure is the result of the collision of its molecules on the
walls of that container.
Temperature is a result of the vibrations of its atoms and
molecules.
It is an indicator
of kinetic
energy
of the
For a gas,molecules
are
free to
move
andgas
bounce
molecules.
repeatedly against each other as well as their

container's walls.In each collision, a gas molecule

transfers some momentum to its container's walls.Gas
pressure is the result of such momentum transfers. The
faster they move, the greater impulse per collision they
impart to the container's walls causing a higher
pressure.For a fixed volume, if the temperature of a
gas increases (by heating), its pressure increases as
well. This is simply because of increased kinetic energy
of gas molecules that cause more number of collisions

The average K.E. of gas molecules is a function of

temperature only.

(K.E.)avg=(3/2)kT

absolute temperature in Kelvi

Boltzmann's constant (k =
1.38x10-23J /K)

K.E. = (1/2)MV2
average speedof gas molecules
Mass of gas molecules

a) Calculate the average K.E.ofairmolecules at 27.0

o
C.
b) Calculate the average speed of its constituents
(oxygen molecules and nitrogenmolecules).
1 mole of O2= 32.0 grams= 6.02x1023 molecules of O2
1 moleof N2= 28.0 grams= 6.02x1023 molecules of N2

Solution:
K.E. = (3/2) k T
K.E. =(3/2)(1.38x10-23J/K)(27+273)K =6.21x1021
J/molecule
(Every gas molecule at this temperature,has 6.21x10 21
Jwhether it is a singleO2molecule or a
singleN2molecule).
ForeveryO2molecule: K.E.=(1/2)MV2
6.21x10-21J=(1/2)[32.0x10-3kg/6.02x1023]V2 V
=483m/s
ForeveryN2molecule: K.E.=(1/2)MV2
6.21x10-21J=(1/2)[28.0x10-3kg/6.02x1023]V2 V =
517m/s
EachN2molecule is lighter;therefore,its average speed
is higher. EachO molecule is heavier;therefore,its

Expansion of Gases
Perfect Gas Law:

Equation of
State

Vis itsvolume(the volume of its container)

PV = nRT

gasabsolute temperaturein Kelv

gasabsolute pressure

number of molesof gas

Universal gas constant =8.314[J/(moleK)]

Thetwo conditionsfor a gas to be ideal or obey

this equation are:
1)The gas pressure should not exceed
about8 atmospheres.
2)The gas must besuperheated(gas
temperature sufficiently above its boiling point)

Unit of " PV ":

e that theproduct " PV "has dimensionally theunit of "energy
I, the unit of "P" is [ N/m2] and the unit of volume " V " is [ m3]
this basis,the unit of the product " PV "becomes [Nm] or [Joul
e " Joule " that appears in R = 8.314J/(mole K) is for this reason

ple :
00 m3tank contains nitrogen at 27 oC. The pressure gauge on it
atmosphere. Find
e number of moles of gas in the tank
s mass in kg.

Solution:
Pabs.=Pgauge+1 atm=4.75 atm
Tabs.=27oC + 273=300K
PV = nRT n = (PV)/[RT]
n =(4.75x101000Pa)(0.400m3)/[(8.314 J/(mole
K))300K]
(a)n =76.9 moles
(b)M = (76.9 moles)(28.0 grams /mole) = 2150
grams =2.15 kg

m3hydrogen tank contains 0.446 kg of hydrogen at 127oC.

sure gage on it is not working. What pressure should the gauge
ole of H2is 2.00 grams.

Solution:
n =(0.446x103grams)/(2.00 grams/mole)
=223 moles
PV = nRT P = (nRT)/V
P =(223 moles)[8.314 J/(mole K)](127 +
273)K/(0.770 m3)
Pabs=963,000 Pa
Pgauge= Pabs- 1atm =963,000 Pa-101,000Pa
=862,000Pa( 8.6 atm)

For a fixed mass of a gas:

P1V1= nRT1 n=
P1V1/ RT1
P2V2= nRT2 n=
P2V2/ RT2

P1V1/ RT1= P2V2/ RT2

(P1V1)/ T1= (P2V2)/ T2

(P1V1)/ (P2V2) = T1/ T2

Example :
1632 grams of oxygen is at 2.80 atm.of gauge pressure
and a temperature of127 oC. Find
a) its volume
It is then compressed to 6.60 atm.of gauge pressure
while cooled down
to 27 oC. Find
(b) its new volume
Solution:
n =(1632/32.0) moles =51.0 moles
(a)PV = nRT V = nRT/p
V =(51.0moles)[(8.314J/(mole K)](127+273)K/
(3.80x101,000)Pa=0.442m3
(b)(P2V2)/(P1V1)=T2/T1
(7.6atm)(V2)/[(3.8atm)(0.442m3)]=300K/400K
V2= 0.166m3

nstant Pressure (Isobar) Processes:

ss in which thepressureof an ideal gasdoes not changeis calle

r" process.
ntpressuremeansP2=P1
(P1V1)=T2/T1 V2/ V1= T2/ T1
Example :
A piston-cylinder mechanism as
shown below may be used to keep
a constant pressure.The
pressure on the gas under the
piston is0gauge plus the extra
pressure that the weight
generates.Let the piston's radius
be 10.0 cm and the weight 475
N,and suppose that the position
of the piston at 77 oC is 25.0 cm
from the bottom of the cylinder.
Find its position when the system
is heated and the temperature is
127 oC.

Solution:
V1=r2h1= (10.0cm)2(25.0 cm) =
2500cm3
V2= r2h2= (10.0cm)2(h2) =
(100)h2cm3
P2= P1= Constant
T1= 77oC + 273 oC = 350K
T2= 127oC + 273oC = 400K
V2/V1= T2/T1
(100h2)/(2500)=400/350
h2=28.6cm

Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Processes:

A process in which thetemperatureof a gasdoes not
changeis called an"isothermal process.
Constant temperaturemeansT2=T1
Equation (P2V2)/(P1V1)= T2/T1becomes:
(P2V2)/(P1V1)= 1

P2V2=P1V1

:
cylinder system has an initial volume of 420 cm3and the air in
e of 3.00 atmospheres as its gauge shows. The gas is compresse
of 140 cm3by pushing the piston. The generated heat is remove
cooling such that the temperature remains constant.
final pressure of the gas.
3.00 atm

? atm
T2=T1
420 cm3

140 cm3

Solution:
P2V2=P1V1
P2(140 cm3) = (4.00 atm)(420 cm3)
(P2)abs.= 12.0atm
(P2)gauge= 11.0atm

nt Volume (Isometric) Processes:

ess in which thevolumeof an ideal gasdoes not changeis called
etric process.

V1

on (P2V2)/(P1V1)= T2/T1becomes:

= T2/ T1

gas cylinders have constant volumes

Example :
A 15.0 liter gas cylinder contains helium at 7
o
Cand 11.0 atmof gauge pressure.It is
warmed up to 147 oC.Find its new gauge
pressure.

Solution:
P2/P1= T2/T1
P2= P1(T2/T1)
P1= 11 atm +1 atm = 12 atm
P2= 18.0 atm
(P2)gauge= 17.0 atm

Homework:
Problems 4, 5,
6