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Map Projection
Are systematic transformation of spheroidal shape of
the earth so that the curved three dimensional shape of
a geographic area on the earth can be represented in 2
dimentions as (x,y)
Projection formulas are mathematical expressions that
convert data from geographic location (longitude
&latitude) on a sphere to represent location on a flat
surface.
3D coordinate systems
Increasingly, projected coordinate systems also use a Z
value to measure elevation above or below mean sea
level.
In the illustration below, the notation (2, 3, 4) records a
point that is two units over in x and three units in y from
the origin and whose elevation is 4 units above the
earth's surface (such as 4 meters above mean sea
level).
Datum
Mathematical representation of the shape of the earths surface.
Datum is defined by spheroid, which approximate the shape of
the earth , its position relative to the center of the earth.
Horizontal datum : define the origin and orientation of longitude
and latitude lines.
Local datum: aligns its spheroid to closely fit the earths surface
in a particular area
Example : NAD27& European Datum of 1950.