COMOSITE CLIMATE

GROUP
MEMBER:
MANISH NEGI(G.L)
JAMSHED ALI
SRISHTI GUPTA
ABHIGYA MISHRA

WHAT IS CLIMATE ?

Climate may be defined as "an integration in time of the physical states of the
atmospheric environment, characteristic of a certain geographical location". Tropical
climates are those in which heat is the dominant problem, and where, at least for a
substantial part of the year, buildings serve to keep the occupants cool, rather than
warm, and the annual mean temperature is not less than 20C.

CLIMATIC INDICATORS WHICH EFFECT THE CLIMATE:

These are principally:

temperature

humidity

precipitation

sky condition

solar radiation

intensity and direction of winds.

COMPOSITE CLIMATE
Regions having a composite climate display characteristics of
hot and dry, warm and humid as well as cold climates.
Composite or monsoon climates usually occur in large land masses
near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Approximately 2/3rds of the
year is hot/dry, and the other third is warm/humid. Localities further
north and south sometimes have a third season of cool/dry.

hot. Dry
warm/humid cool/dry
Day mean
32-43
27-32
up to 27
max
Night mean 21-27
24-27
4-10
max
RH(RELATIVE HUMIDITY)is 20-55% during dry seasons, and 5595% during the wet. Monsoon rains can be heavy and prolonged.
Annual rainfall varies between 500-1300mm, with little or no rain
during the dry season.

 Sky conditions vary

considerably with the
seasons; heavily overcast
and dull during monsoons,
clear and dark blue during
the dry. Glare increases
towards the end of the dry
season, due to dust haze.
Solar radiation varies
accordingly. Winds are hot
and dusty during the dry
season, and steady, humid
and often strong during the
monsoon. Seasonal
changes in RH tend to
weaken building materials.
Termites are common.

COMPOSITE
CLIMTE

The composite zone covers the central part of India,

such as New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad. The design
criteria are more or less the same as for hot and dry
climate except that maximizing cross ventilation is
desirable in the monsoon period.
Some of the design features for buildings in this
climate are:
Appropriate orientation and shape of building

Use of trees as wind barriers

Roof insulation and wall insulation
Thicker walls
Air locks and balconies
Weather stripping
Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins, and trees
Pale colours and glazed china mosaic tiles
Exhausts
Courtyards, wind towers, and arrangement of openings
Trees and ponds for evaporative cooling
Dehumidifiers and desiccant cooling

The objectives of building design should be :

Resisting heat gain
Unwanted heat gain can be reduced by
Decreasing the surface area of the building exposed to the outside.
Using materials that absorb heat slowly.
Providing buffer spaces.
Providing adequate shading devices.
Promoting heat loss
To promote heat loss, the following measures need to be
undertaken:
Ventilating appliances used.
Providing evaporative cooling systems like roof surface evaporative
cooling.
Using earth coupling systems like earth air pipe system.

 1)Resist heat gain in summer and Resist heat loss in winter

Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of
building. Use of trees as wind barriers
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation and wall
insulation
Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Thicker walls
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/ Balconies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping
Increase shading Walls, glass surfaces protected by
overhangs, fins and trees
Increase surface reflectivity Pale colour, glazed china
mosaic tiles, etc.
2)Promote heat loss in summer/ monsoon
Ventilation of appliances Provide exhausts
Increase air exchange rate (Ventilation) Courtyards/ wind
towers/ arrangement of openings
Increase humidity levels in dry summer Trees and water
ponds for evaporative cooling
Decrease humidity in monsoon Dehumidifiers/ desiccant

WATER BODIES:
WATER BODIES:
STREET WIDTH AND
STREET WIDTH AND
ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION
OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM
OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM
ORIENTATION AND PLAN FORM
ORIENTATION AND PLAN FORM
FENESTRATION
FENESTRATION