BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 4
A Tour of the Cell
Modules 4.1 4.5
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Art of Looking at Cells

Artists are often
inspired by biology and
biology depends on art
The paintings of
Wassily Kandinsky
(1866-1944) show the
influence of cellular
forms

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Illustration is an
important way to
represent what scientists
see through microscopes
The anatomist Santiago
Ramn y Cajal (18521934) was trained as an
artist
He drew these retina
nerve cells
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF THE

CELL
The microscope was invented in the 17th
century
Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered
cells in 1665
All living things are made of cells (cell theory)

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4.1 Microscopes provide windows to the world of

the cell
The light microscope enables us to see the
overall shape and structure of a cell
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocular
lens

Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
Figure 4.1A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Electron microscopes were invented in the

1950s
They use a beam of electrons instead of light
The greater resolving power of electron
microscopes
allows greater magnification
reveals cellular details

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Scanning
electron
microscope
(SEM)
Scanning
electron
micrograph of
cilia

Figure 4.1B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Transmission
electron
microscope
(TEM)
Transmission
electron
micrograph of
cilia

Figure 4.1C
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4.2 Cell sizes vary with their function

Below is a list of the most common units of
length biologists use (metric)

Table 4.2
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Cell size and

shape relate
to function

Figure 4.2
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

4.3 Natural laws limit cell size

At minimum, a cell must be large enough to
house the parts it needs to survive and
reproduce
The maximum size of a cell is limited by the
amount of surface needed to obtain nutrients
from the environment and dispose of wastes

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 A small cell has a greater ratio of surface area

to volume than a large cell of the same shape

30 m

Figure 4.3

Surface area
of one large cube
= 5,400 m2

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10 m

Total surface area

of 27 small cubes
= 16,200 m2

4.4 Prokaryotic cells are small and structurally

simple
There are two kinds of cells: prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells are small, relatively simple
cells
They do not have a nucleus

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma

membrane and is usually encased in a rigid
cell wall
The cell wall
may be
covered by a
sticky capsule

Prokaryotic
flagella

Ribosomes
Capsule
Cell wall

Inside the cell

are its DNA
and other parts

Plasma
membrane

Pili
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nucleoid region
(DNA)

Figure 4.4

4.5 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional

compartments
All other life forms are made up of one or more
eukaryotic cells
These are larger and more complex than
prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotes are distinguished by the presence of
a true nucleus

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 An animal cell

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Nucleus

Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells

Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosomes

Peroxisome

Microtubule
Cytoskeleton

Intermediate
filament
Microfilament

Figure 4.5A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane

Mitochondrion

 The plasma membrane controls the cells

contact with the environment
The cytoplasm contains organelles
Many organelles have membranes as
boundaries
These compartmentalize the interior of the cell
This allows the cell to carry out a variety of
activities simultaneously
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 A plant cell has some structures that an animal

cell lacks:
Chloroplasts
A rigid cell wall

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nucleus

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Microtubule
Not in
animal
cells

Central
vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell wall

Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.5B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Intermediate
filament
Microfilament

Cytoskeleton