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COMPOSITE
BEAMS.
BUCKLING OF
COLUMNS.
1. COMPOSITE BEAM:
WHAT IS COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION?
Composite construction is a generic term to describe
any building construction involving multiple
dissimilar materials. Composite construction is often
used in building aircraft ,watercraft, and building
construction. There are several reasons to use
composite materials including increased strength,
aesthetics, and environmental sustainability. It is not
to be confused with the Composite order which is a
specific order of classical architecture that combines
elements of the Ionic and Corinthian orders.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTIONS
EXAMPLE (CONT)
However, if the slab is connected positively to the
beam with studs, then a portion of the slab can be
assumed to act compositely with the beam. In effect,
this composite creates a larger and stronger beam
than would be provided by the steel beam alone.
COMPOSITE BEAM:
A structural member composed of two or more
dissimilar materials joined together to act as a unit in
which the resulting system is stronger than the sum of
its parts. An example in civil structures is the steelconcrete composite beam in which a steel wide-flange
shape (I or W shape) is attached to a concrete floor
slab.
COMPOSITE BEAM:
STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE
MATERIAL:
Combining aggregate, sharp sand and a cement binder
produces concrete which is used in the construction of
roads, bridges and buildings. Though concrete is
weak when under tension, it is a very strong material.
Addition of wires, metal rods and cables makes it able
to withstand tension. Casting cement around these
rods produces reinforced concrete.
COST
Tooling, labor and manufacturing costs are
considerably lower for composite materials. Higher
performance than steel and aluminum can also mean
lower service costs and longer-lasting products or
components.
FAILURE
Shock, impact, or repeated cyclic stresses can
cause the laminate to separate at the interface
between two layers, a condition known as
delamination. Individual fibres can separate
from the matrix e.g. fibre pull-out
BUCKLING OF COLUMNS.
WHAT IS A COLUMN ?
TYPES OF COLUMNS
Long Column:
Long columns fail by buckling or excessive lateral bending.
(Slenderness ratio Above 150)
Intermediate Column:
Intermediate columns fail by a combination of crushing and
buckling.
Short Column:
Short columns fail by crushing. (Slenderness Ratio Below 30)
RATIO:
SLENDERNESS
WHAT IS BUCKLING ?
Buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a
structural member subjected to high compressive
stress where the actual compressive stress at the point
of failure is less than the ultimate compressive
stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.
For example, during earthquakes, reinforced concrete
members may experience lateral deformation of the
longitudinal reinforcing bars.
Buckling is the sudden instability that occurs in
columns or members that support an axial load.
WHAT IS BUCKLING ?
Where,
P= Applied load
= critical load
The maximum axial load
to which a column can be
subjected and it still
remain straight (buckling
does not occur) is called
critical load.
TYPES OF BUCKLING
Flexural-torsional buckling
Lateral-torsional buckling
Plastic buckling
Dynamic buckling
FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING
Occurs
in
compression
members only and it can be
described as a combination
of bending and twisting of a
member. And it must be
considered
for
design
purposes, since the shape
and cross sections are very
critical. This mostly occurs
in channels, structural tees,
double-angle shapes, and
equal-leg single angles.
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING
When a simple beam is loaded in flexure, the top side is in
compression, and the bottom side is in tension. When a
slender member is subjected to an axial force, failure takes
place due to bending or torsion rather than direct compression
of the material. If the beam is not supported in the lateral
direction (i.e., perpendicular to the plane of bending), and the
flexural load increases to a critical limit, the beam will fail
due to lateral buckling of the compression flange. In wideflange sections, if the compression flange buckles laterally,
the cross section will also twist in torsion, resulting in a
failure mode known as lateral-torsional buckling.
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING
PLASTIC BUCKLING
Buckling will generally occur slightly before the
theoretical buckling strength of a structure, due to
plasticity of the material. When the compressive load
is near buckling, the structure will bow significantly
and approach yield. The stress-strain behavior of
materials is not strictly linear even below yield, and
the modulus of elasticity decreases as stress increases,
with more rapid change near yield. This lower
rigidity reduces the buckling strength of the structure
and causes premature buckling.
DYNAMIC BUCKLING
If the load on the column is applied suddenly and
then released, the column can sustain a load much
higher than its static (slowly applied) buckling load.
This can happen in a long, unsupported column (rod)
used as a drop hammer. The duration of compression
at the impact end is the time required for a stress
wave to travel up the rod to the other (free) end and
back down as a relief wave. Maximum buckling
occurs near the impact end at a wavelength much
shorter than the length of the rod, at a stress many
times the buckling stress if the rod were a staticallyloaded column.
DYNAMIC BUCKLING