Simulation

What is Simulation?
Governing Physics
Darcys Law (without gravity term)

Material Balance Equation

M ( ) Q
t

Mass Flux
(In Out)

=Accumulation+/-

Inj/Prod

Combine the Equations

Simulator Flow Equation (with gravity
term)

Q
[ (P z)] ( )
t

where

Methods to solve
Finite Difference
Governing equations discretized on a fixed grid

Boundary Element / Finite Element

Governing equations solved using basis
functions

Streamline Simulation
Governing equations discretized but solved on
separate grids

Types of Simulators
Black Oil Simulators (ECLIPSE Blackoil)
Oil & Gas phases are represented by one component
Assumes composition of gas & oil components are
constant with pressure & time

Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE

Compositional)
Oil & Gas phases are represented by multicomponent
mixtures
Assumes the reservoir fluids at all temperatures,
pressures, compositions & time can be represented by
EOS

Reservoir Simulation Basics

The reservoir is divided into a number of
cells
Basic data is provided for each cell
Wells are positioned within the cells
The required well production rates are
specified as a function of time
The equations are solved to give the
pressure and saturations for each block as
well as the production of each phase from
each well

We are Interested in Simulating

Flow
Flow from one grid block to the next
Flow from a grid block to the well completion
Flow within the wells (and surface networks)

Flow= Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential

Difference
Geometr
y&
Propertie
s

Fluid
Well
Propertie Productio
s
n

ECLIPSE Model: *.DATA

RUNSPEC

General model characteristics

GRID

Grid geometry and basic rock properties

Modification of the processed GRID data (optional section)

EDIT
PROPS

PVT & SCAL properties

REGIONS

Subdivision of the reservoir (optional section)

SOLUTION

SUMMARY

SCHEDULE

Initialization
Request output for line plots (optional section)
Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations,
surface facilities
Simulator advance, control and termination
7

How ECLIPSE Works

Each section of the data file is read,
processed, consistency checks are
performed & required information is
written to various output files (ie *.PRT)
Exceptions:
RUNSPEC: Used for allocation of dynamic
memory
SCHEDULE: Time dependent data is read &
processed at every time step

How ECLIPSE Sections Relate to the Equation

Flow =Transmissibility * Mobility*Potential
Difference
Geometry
&
Properties

Fluid
Properties

Well
Production

GRID

PROPS

SCHEDULE

EDIT

REGIONS
SOLUTION

RUNSPEC Section

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the RUNSPEC

Section
Set the start date of the simulation
Define the basic character of the model
Allocation of memory (RAM)

11

Simulation grid
Wells
Tabular data
Solver stack

Sample RUNSPEC Section

Units may also
be METRIC or
LAB

Number of PVT,
SCAL Aquifer
Tables, Wells,
Connections,Seg
ments
Note: Required
12

RUNSPEC
TITLE
ECLIPSE Course Example
DIMENS
20 5 10 /
FIELD
OIL
WATER

Phases present
may be oil, water,
gas, disgas
(dissolved gas),
vapoil (vaporized
oil)

WELLDIMS
4 20 1 4 /
AQUDIMS
4* 1 250 /
TABDIMS
2 2 50 50 /
START
1 JAN 1994 /

RUNSPEC Keywords
The ECLIPSE
Reference manual
contains information
about all keywords

Reference Manual

Data File Overview

chapter shows
keywords by
section
Keywords chapter
contains details
about each
keyword

13

Purpose of the GRID section

The Grid section contains the properties
used to calculate pore volume &
transmissibility
PV Vcell NTG

T(x, y, z)

K ( x , y , z ) A ( x , y , z ) NTG
L ( x, y,z )

ECLIPSE uses cell pore volume and

transmissibility to calculate flows from
cell to cell
14

Minimum GRID Section

Required Properties for each cell in
the model:
Geometry
Cell dimensions & depths

Properties
Porosity
Permeability
(Net-to-gross or net thicknessif not
included, ECLIPSE assumes equal to 1)
15

Types of Grids Supported

Cartesian

Block Centered

Radial
16

Corner Point

Unstructured (PEBI)

Block-Centered vs Corner Point:

Geometry
Block-Centered

x
x
x

(11,1,1
)
x

COORD keyword
specifies the
X,Y,Z of the
lines that define
the corner of all
cells

17

Note: DXV, DYV, DZV are alternate forms

(10,1,
1)
x

DZ keyword
specifies the
(11,1,
thickness of the cells
1)
in the K direction

ZCORN
keyword
specifies the
height of all
corners of all
cells

DY keyword specifies
the thickness of the
cells in the J
direction

TOPS keyword
specifies the upper
face depth

(10,1,1
)

Corner Point
x

DX keyword
specifies the
thickness of the cells
in the I direction

Block-Centered vs Corner Point:

Transmissibility

Flow from
Block-Centered
cell(s)

cell can flow to

Corner Point

(10,1,1)

(10,1,1)

(11,1,
1)

(11,1,
1)
Cell connections are
by logical order:

11,1,1) (11,1,2) & (10,1,1)

18

Cell connections are

by geometric position:
(11,1,1) (11,1,2), (10,1,2)partial & (10,1,3)

Block-centered vs Corner point:

Summary
Block-centered
Cell description is simple
Pre-processor is not
required
Geometry data is small
Geologic structures are
modelled simplistically
Pinchouts &
unconformities are difficult
to model
Incorrect cell connections
across faults (user must
modify transmissibility)

19

Corner Point
Cell description can be
complex
Pre-processor is required
Geometry data is
voluminous
Geologic structures can be
modelled accurately
Pinchouts & unconformities
can be modelled accurately
Layer contiguity across
fault planes is accurately
modelled

Grid Cell Property Definition

Cell properties
such as PORO,
PERMX,
PERMY,
PERMZ, NTG
are averages
defined at the
centre

20

Cartesian Data Reading Convention

Cell data is read with i cycling
fastest, followed by j then k
k increasing
(1,1,1)

j
increasi
ng

21

i increasing

(12,4,1)

Inactive Cells
Avoid simulating fluid flow in unimportant cells
ACTNUM explicitly set each cells behaviour
0 indicates the cell is inactive
1 indicates the cell is active
MINPV indicate a minimum pore volume for a cell to be
active
PINCH indicate a minimum thickness for a cell to be
active
ECLIPSE will automatically inactivate any cell with zero pore
volume

22

Note: FloViz & FloGrid are normally defaulted to show active cells only
(Scene | Grid | Show | Inactive cells)

Cell Property Definition

Rules
One property per cell (NX*NY*NZ)
Values must be defined for inactive cells
too

Explicit values only

ECLIPSE has no facilities for entering
data as a function
FloGrid, Office, FloViz have property
calculators

23

Define the property with the pre-processor

Export the property as a text file (*.grdecl)
Use the INCLUDE keyword

Input Examples

--NX = 5, NY = 3, NZ = 4

Specify each value

Specify similar
values with the
*
EQUALS example

NTG
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
15*0.40
15*0.95
15*0.85 /

1.00
1.00
1.00

1 /

PORO
9*0.28 /
PERMX
100 80

85

83

99

ENDBOX

COPY example
MULTIPLY example
24

1.00
1.00
1.00

EQUALS
'PORO ' 0.250 /
'PERMX' 45 /
'PERMX' 10
1 5 1 3 2 2 /
'PERMX' 588
1 5 1 3 3 3 /
/
BOX
1 3

BOX example

1.00
1.00
1.00

COPY
'PERMX' 'PERMY' /
'PERMX' 'PERMZ' /
/
MULTIPLY
'PERMZ' 0.05 /
/

110

92

Applies to whole grid

Applies to cells specified
This would
overwrite PORO
& PERMX
specified
91 84 /
previously

Cell Property Definition using Petrel

The properties are assigned to each cell
during upscaling & exported to a file
The INCLUDE keyword is used to load
the properties from Petrel:
INCLUDE
grainne_props.grdecl /
grainne_props .grdecl

25

GRID Section Output

For a reportControls
in the PRT file, use:
RPTGRID (request report of many GRID
Section keywords, including ALLNNC)
BOUNDARY limits the PRT output to
specified I,J,K range

For 3D viewable output, use:

Geometric data (*.egrid), For an unstructured

grid, the *.egrid
GRIDFILE
must be exported
0 1/

Static properties (*.init),

INIT
26

from FloGrid

EDIT Section

Purpose of the EDIT Section

Cell geometry, pore volume and
transmissibily are calculated in the
GRID Section
These properties are modified in the
EDIT Section
EDIT is optional

28

EDIT Section keywords

GRID Section output that may be
modified in the EDIT Section:
DEPTH, PORV, TRAN (X, Y, R, THT, Z)
Diffusivity Option keywords

Operators
MULTIPLY, BOX, EQUALS, COPY, ADD,
MINVALUE, MAXVALUE

Others
EDITNNC, MULTPV, MULTFLT
MULT (X, Y, R, THT, Z, etc) are allowed but
not recommended
29

PROPS Section - Fluid

Properties

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the PROPS

Section
The PROPS section
contains pressure and
saturation dependent properties of the
reservoir fluids & rocks
Fluid information required (for each fluid in
RUNSPEC):
Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
Density or Gravity

Rock information required:

Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
Rock compressibility as a function of pressure

31

PVT: Pressure Volume

Temperature
Why is PVT needed?
Mass balance is a key equation in simulation
Produced volumes must be translated to
reservoir conditions
Reservoir volumes must be converted to mass

Where does PVT come from?

Laboratory experiments Equation of State
Model
Correlations
Processed in PVTi
32

Black Oil vs. Compositional

Simulation
Compositional

Black Oil
Flow equation solution for each
cell subject to material balance

Flow equation for each

cell subject to material balance

PVT data lookup from

supplied tables

Iterative solution of cubic

equation of state for each
component in each cell

Iterative flash of component

mixture to equilibrium conditions
for each cell

33

For every time step

Black Oil Model Phase Options

#
Phases

Dead Oil
Dry Gas
Water

RUNSPEC Keywords

Phase Combination

Dead Oil
Water
Dry Gas
Water
Dead Oil
Dry Gas
Live oil with dissolved
Water
Wet gas with vaporized
Water
Live oil with
Wet gas with
Water
dissolved gas vaporized oil

OIL
GAS
WATER
OIL, WATER
GAS, WATER
OIL, GAS
OIL GAS, DISGAS, WATER
OIL, GAS, VAPOIL, WATER
OIL, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL, WATER

A: Dead Oil
C: Live
Oil,
Saturat
ed

B: Live Oil,
Initially
Undersatur
ated

34

D: Dry
Gas

E: Wet
Gas

Dead Oil Entry Data Using PVDO &

PVCDO

PVDO
--P
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500

RSCONST
--GOR
0.656

Bo
1.260
1.257
1.254
1.251
1.248

Mu
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70 /

Pb
2500 /

PVCDO
--Pref
2500
RSCONST
--Rs
0.656

Bo(Pref) Co
1.260 6E-6

Mu(Pref) Cv
0.5
E-6 /

Pbub
2500 /

ECLIPSE calculates the PVT

table using:

Bo P Bo Pref e

C P Pref

Bo o ( P ) Bo o ( Pref )e

35

( C Cv ) P Pref

Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO &

PVCO
PVTO

--Rs

Pbub

0.137
0.195
0.241
0.288
0.375
0.465
0.558
0.661
0.770

1214.7
1414.7
1614.7
1814.7
2214.7
2614.7
3014.7
3414.7
3814.7
4214.7
4614.7

FVF

Saturated
Undersaturated
36

1.1720
1.2000
1.2210
1.2420
1.2780
1.3200
1.3600
1.4020
1.4470
1.4405
1.4340

Mu
1.970
1.556
1.397
1.280
1.095
0.967
0.848
0.762
PVCO a simple method for live oil data.
0.691
When calculating the undersaturated
0.694 region, ECLIPSE assumes:
dBo
0.697 /
C
B
o

dP

d o
Cv
0
dP

Gas EOS in the Black Oil Model

gr

gg

R v og
Bg

Where Bg (formation volume factor):

Bg
Subscripts:
gr = reservoir
vapor
og = surface oil
from reservoir
vapor
gg = surface
gas
from
37
reservoir vapor

V gr

V gg

And Rv (amount of surface oil vaporized in reservoir vapor):

Rv

V og

V gg

Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG &

PVZG

38

PVDG
--P
Bg
1214 13.947
1414
7.028
1614
4.657
1814
3.453
2214
2.240
2614
1.638
3014
1.282
0.0161 /
RVCONST
--Rv
Pd
0.0047 1214 /

Mu
0.0124
0.0125
0.0128
0.0130
0.0139
0.0148

PVZG Alternative of PVDG. The Z factor

is related to the formation volume factor
Bg, reference temperature Tref and
pressure P by:

Tref Tbase
Bg Z
Ts Tbase

Ps
P

Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTG

39

PVTG
-- Pg
60
120
180
240
300
360
560
/

Rv
0.00014
0.00012
0.00015
0.00019
0.00029
0.00049
0.00060

Bg
0.05230
0.01320
0.00877
0.00554
0.00417
0.00357
0.00356

Mu
0.0234
0.0252
0.0281
0.0318
0.0355
0.0392
0.0393

/
/
/
/
/
/
/

Water EOS in the Black Oil Model

wr

ws
Bw

Where

Bw
40

V wr

V ws

Reference Densities
Surface densities are
specified using either
keyword:
DENSITY
GRAVITY
or

gr

wr

x
Compressor

1st
Stage
Separat
or

oo R s go
Bo

gg

2nd
Stage
Separat
or

Stock Tank

Water
Treatm
ent

R v og
Bg

ws
Bw

Oil & Water at

reservoir conditions

41

Using Multiple PVT Regions

Keywords necessary:
In RUNSPEC, check TABDIMS & EQLDIMS
In PROPS, include multiple tables (some
may be defaulted)
In REGIONS, include PVTNUM & EQLNUM

42

Using API Tracking

Keywords necessary:
In RUNSPEC, use API
In PROPS, at least full PVT for highest &
lowest API oil
In SOLUTION, use OILAPI or APIVD

43

PROPS Section
Saturation Functions

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the PROPS

Section

The PROPS section contains pressure and

saturation dependent properties of the reservoir
fluids & rocks
Fluid information required (for each fluid in
RUNSPEC):
Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
Density or Gravity

Rock information required:

Relative permeability as a function of saturation
Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
Rock compressibility as a function of pressure
This
slide does not appear in the
45
manual

Rock Compressibility
Required since the pore volume varies under pressure
Simplest approach: ROCK keyword
Rock compressibility is reversible and the same
everywhere

Additional options (see Rock Compressibility in the

Technical Description):
A table of compaction as a function of pressure
Reversible or Irreversible
The ability to modify the transmissibility as a function of
pressure
A hysteretic model to allow partial reflation
A water-induced compaction model
46

ROCK keyword
Rock Compressibility
V pore

C
P

V pore
Cell Bulk Volume is constant
and equal to Pore Volume +
Rock Volume

ECLIPSE adjusts the pore volume

C ( P P )
using:

V P V P 1 C(P P )

ref

pore

47

pore

ref

ref

Purpose of Saturation
Functions

Used to
calculate the
initial
saturation for
each phase in
each cell

Used to calculate
the initial
transition zone
saturation of
each phase
48

Used to
calculate fluid
mobility to
solve the flow
equations
between cells
and from cell
to well

Significant Saturation
Endpoints
SWL: connate water
saturation
SWCR: critical water
saturation
SWU: maximum water
saturation
SOWCR: critical oil-water
saturation
SGL: connate gas saturation
SGCR: critical gas
saturation
SGU: maximum gas
saturation
SOGCR: critical oil-gas
saturation
49

Oil Water Relative

Permeability
Krow
Kr
w
SWCR

SWL
+

Gas Oil Relative

Permeability
Krog

SG
L

SGCR

Krg

SOGC
R (1 Sg)

SGU

SW
U
SOWC
R (1 Sw)

Saturation Function Keyword

Families
Family 1
Kro entered in the same tables as Krw and Krg
SWOF, SGOF, SLGOF
Cannot be used in miscible flood

Family 2
Kro entered in separate tables versus oil
saturation
SWFN, SGFN, SGWFN, SOF3, SOF2, SOF32D
Different keyword families cannot be mixed in
the same run

50

Family 1 Example SWOF,

SGOF
These must be the same

SWL
Must be zero

SWOF
--Sw
0.1510
0.2033
0.3500
0.4000
0.4613
0.5172
0.5731
0.6010
0.6569
0.7128
0.8111
0.8815

Krw
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0695
0.1049
0.1430
0.1865
0.2103
0.2619
0.3186
0.4309
0.4900

= 1 - SOWCR
51

Krow
1.0000
0.9788
0.8302
0.1714
0.0949
0.0511
0.0246
0.0161
0.0059
0.0015
0.0000
0.0000

Must SGOF
be zero

Pcwo
400.00
20.40
11.65
3.60
2.78
1.93
1.07
0.83
0.66
0.38
0.16
0.00

Must be zero

--Sg

Krg

Krog

Pcgo

0.0000

0.0000

1.0000

0.00

0.0400

0.0000

0.6000

0.20

0.1000

0.0220

0.3300

0.50

0.2000

0.1000

0.1000

1.00

0.3000

0.2400

0.0200

1.50

0.4000

0.3400

0.0000

2.00

0.5000

0.4200

0.0000

2.50

0.6000

0.5000

0.0000

3.00

0.7000

0.8125

0.0000

3.50

0.8490

1.0000

0.0000

3.90 /

SGU = 1 SWL

Must be zero

Family 2 Example SWFN, SGFN,

SOF3
SWFN

Must be zero

--Sw

SGFN

Must be zero

SOF3

Krw

Pcow

0.10

0.000

20.0

0.00

0.000

0.00

0.30

0.000

0.000

0.20

0.004

5.00

0.05

0.000

0.03

0.40

0.089

0.008

0.30

0.032

3.30

0.064

2.60

0.30

0.253

0.062

0.089

0.50

0.40

0.15

0.125

1.50

0.60

0.354

0.172

0.164

0.60

0.50

0.25

0.343

0.80

1.00

0.586

0.365

0.253

0.70

0.60

0.35

0.729

0.60

1.50

0.854

0.500

0.354

0.80

0.70

0.45

1.000

0.30

2.10

1.000

0.667

0.465

0.90

0.80

0.55

0.90

0.833

0.10

0.65

0.586

2.80

1.00

1.000

0.00

0.75

0.716

3.60

0.85

0.854

4.50

0.90

1.000

5.50

--Sg

/
/

52

Krg

Pcog

--So

Krow

Krog

Must be the same

SOILmax = 1 SWL

3 Phase Oil Relative

Permeability
SWL

ECLIPSE default model

is a weighted sum:

kro

S g krog S w SWL krow

1-So-SWL

1
So

Sg

GAS

S g S w SWL

S g S w SWL

OIL

Other options in
ECLIPSE
Modified STONE 1
Modified STONE 2

WATER

S w SWL
S g S w SWL

1-So

Uses Krog table

Uses Krow table
53

S g S w SWL 1 S o SWL

Saturation Table Scaling

Given a few generic saturation
functions:
Saturation functions are
transformed and applied to
the existing rock types
Three main types:
Horizontal Scaling scales
relative permeability along
the saturation axis
Vertical Scaling scales
relative permeability values
Capillary pressure scaling

54

Before Scaling

After Scaling

Horizontal Scaling EndPoints

Increasing Oil Saturation

1-SWLSGL

Krw
Krow

SOWC
R

SWC
R
Increasing Water Saturation

55

SW
U

Krg
Krog

Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability

Increasing Oil Saturation

SOGC
R
1-SWLSGL

SGC
R

Increasing Gas Saturation

SG
U

Implementing Horizontal
Scaling
1) Decide on what needs to be
scaled
Which end-points?
Which relative permeability curves?

2) Input un-scaled saturation

functions
Family 1 or Family 2 keywords

3) Insert ENDSCALE in RUNSPEC

4) Input scaled end-points in PROPS
56

Entered on per cell basis or with ENPTVD

SWOF
-- Sw
0.150
0.240
0.295
0.350
0.405
0.460
0.515
0.570
0.625
0.680
0.735
0.790
0.845
0.900
1.000
/

BOX
1 1 1 1 1 2 /

SWCR
0.16 0.45 /

57

Krw
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.017
0.036
0.062
0.095
0.134
0.180
0.231
0.290
0.354
0.424
0.500
0.700

Krow
1.000
0.784
0.665
0.555
0.454
0.363
0.282
0.210
0.149
0.097
0.056
0.026
0.007
0.000
0.000

Pcow
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Relative
Permeability

Example Scaling SWCR

Krw (1,1,1)
Krw (1,1,2)
Krw (1,1,3)
Krow

SWCR=0
.24
(1,1,3)SWCR=0
SWCR =
.45
0.16
(1,1,2)
(1,1,1)
Water Saturation

SWOF
0.150 0.000
0.240 0.000
0.295 0.005
0.350 0.017
0.405 0.036
0.460 0.062
0.515 0.095
0.570 0.134
0.625 0.180
0.680 0.231
0.735 0.290
0.790 0.354
0.845 0.424
0.900 0.500
1.000 0.700
/
BOX
1 1 1 1 3 3 /
SWL
0.22 /
SOWCR
0.25 /

58

1.000
0.784
0.665
0.555
0.454
0.363
0.282
0.210
0.149
0.097
0.056
0.026
0.007
0.000
0.000

32.43
15.01
10.48
7.66
5.76
4.41
3.41
2.65
2.05
1.57
1.17
0.85
0.57
0.34
0.00

Oil Water Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability

Example Scaling SWL and

SOWCR
1-SWLSGL
(SWL=0
.22)

Krw
Krow Original
Krow Scaled

SOWCR=
0.25
Water Saturation

Example Scaling SWL and SOWCR

(continued)
SGOF
0.000
0.100
0.154
0.208
0.263
0.317
0.371
0.425
0.479
0.533
0.588
0.642
0.696
0.750
0.850
/

SGU
0.78 /

0.000
0.000
0.005
0.019
0.044
0.078
0.122
0.175
0.238
0.311
0.394
0.486
0.588
0.700
1.000

1.000
0.699
0.563
0.443
0.341
0.254
0.182
0.124
0.078
0.045
0.022
0.008
0.001
0.000
0.000

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Note SGU is scaled for

consistency (otherwise
SGU+SWL > 1)

59

Oil Gas Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability

Krg Original
Krg Scaled
Krog Original
Krog Scaled

SGU=0
.78

1-SWLSGL
(SWL=0.
22)
Gas Saturation

Vertical Scaling End-Points

Oil Water Relative Permeability
Krw
Krow

KROR
W

KR
W
KR
WR

Water Saturation

60

KR
O
Relative Permeability

Relative Permeability

KR
O

Oil Gas Relative Permeability

Krg
Krog

KROR
G

KR
G

KRG
R

Gas Saturation

Example Scaling SWCR

and KRWR

SCALECRS
YES /
SWOF
0.150 0.000
0.240 0.000
0.295 0.005
0.350 0.017
0.405 0.036
0.460 0.062
0.515 0.095
0.570 0.134
0.625 0.180
0.680 0.231
0.735 0.290
0.790 0.354
0.845 0.424
0.900 0.500
1.000 0.700
BOX
1 1 1 1 1 2 /
SWCR
0.16 0.45 /
KRWR
0.60 0.35 /

61

Oil - Water Relative Permeability

1.000
0.784
0.665
0.555
0.454
0.363
0.282
0.210
0.149
0.097
0.056
0.026
0.007
0.000
0.000

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 /

Relative
Permeability

Krw (1,1,1)
Krw (1,1,2)
Krw (1,1,3)
Krow

KRWR=
0.60
(1,1,1)
KRWR=
0.50
(1,1,3)
KRWR=
0.35
(1,1,2)

Water Saturation

Capillary Pressure Scaling EndPoints

Oil Gas Capillary
Pressure

PC
W

SW
U

SW
L
Water Saturation

62

PC
G

Capillary Pressure

Capillary Pressure

Oil Water Capillary

Pressure

SG
U

SG
L
Gas Saturation

SWOF
0.150 0.000
0.240 0.000
0.295 0.005
0.350 0.017
0.405 0.036
0.460 0.062
0.515 0.095
0.570 0.134
0.625 0.180
0.680 0.231
0.735 0.290
0.790 0.354
0.845 0.424
0.900 0.500
1.000 0.700
BOX
1 1 1 1 3 3 /
SWL
0.22 /
SOWCR
0.25 /
PCW
50.0 /

63

1.000
0.784
0.665
0.555
0.454
0.363
0.282
0.210
0.149
0.097
0.056
0.026
0.007
0.000
0.000

32.43
15.01
10.48
7.66
5.76
4.41
3.41
2.65
2.05
1.57
1.17
0.85
0.57
0.34
0.00 /

Oil Water Capillary Pressure

PCW=
50.0

Pcow - Original
Pcow - Scaled

Capillary Pressure

Example Scaling SWL and

PCW

SWL=0
.22
Water Saturation

PROPS Section Output

Control
RPTPROPS
Controls output from PROPS section to the PRT
file
INIT
Saturation functions & PVT data written to the
INIT file
Can be displayed in 2D & 3D (Petrel, Office,
FloViz, FloGrid)
FILLEPS
All saturation endpoints to the INIT file
EPSDBGS / EPSDEBUG
Writes scaled saturation tables to DEBUG file
64
for specified cells

REGIONS Section

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the REGIONS

Section

The REGIONS section divides the reservoir

according to
Variations in reservoir characteristics
For reporting purposes

Examples:
Different PVT properties and equilibration
characteristics could be assigned to areas of
the grid separated by a sealing fault
Fluid in place could be reported by fault block
or leasehold position

The REGIONS section is optional

66

Use: Variations of Reservoir

Properties
3D view of EQLNUM
property
EQUIL keyword
tables now
associated with
EQLNUM regions
Resulting initial oil
saturation

EQLNum

SOLUTION
EQUIL

2 TABLES

7100 3814.70 7500 0 7100 0

5 /

8000 4145.39 7550 0 7000 0

5 /

67

Use: Reporting Purposes

1. FIPNUM (fluid in place
regions) are defined in
the REGIONS section
2. In the Solution
section:
.
RPTSOL
.
FIP=2 /
3. The PRT file now
shows the fluids in
place both originally &
at each report step

68

REGIONS Section Keywords

Commonly Used

Operators

FIPNUM
SATNUM
PVTNUM
EQLNUM
FIPXXXXX (ex: FIPLAYER,
FIPEXPL)

Exceptions

EQUALS, ADD, COPY, etc

Special Use

(these are in GRID

Section)

69

FLUXNUM, RESVNUM,
NINENUM, PINCHNUM

Output Controls
For a report in the PRT file:
RPTREGS in REGIONS Section
BOUNDARY can be used to limit this output

RTPSOL (FIP=1,2 or 3) in SOLUTION Section

same result
RPTSCHED (FIP=1,2 or 3) in SCHEDULE
Section

For 3D viewable output:

INIT in GRID Section = regions keywords
RPTRST (FIP) = fluids in place

70

How to specify Regions keyword

arrays
REGIONS

Use the Operator

keywords (EQUALS, COPY,
ADD, etc)

EQUALS
'FIPNUM'

1 /

'FIPNUM'

11

20 /

/
FIPLAYER
100*1
100*2
100*3
100*4
100*5
100*6
100*7
100*8
100*9
100*10 /

71

Specify the number for

each cell

How to specify Regions keyword

arrays
Interactively
FloViz
Office
Petrel
FloGrid

72

SOLUTION Section

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the SOLUTION

Section
The SOLUTION is used to
define the initial state of
every cell in the model
Initial pressure and
phase saturation
Initial solution ratios
Depth dependence of
reservoir fluid properties
Oil and gas re-solution
rates
Initial analytical aquifer
conditions

74

ECLIPSE Initialization
Options
Equilibration - initial pressures and
saturations are computed by ECLIPSE
using data entered with the EQUIL
keyword
Restart - initial solution may be read
from a Restart file created by an earlier
run of ECLIPSE

75

Enumeration- initial solution is specified

by the user explicitly for every grid block

EQUIL
Sets the contacts and pressures for
conventional hydrostatic equilibrium
EQUIL items are interpreted differently
depending on the phases present
May have more than one equilibration
region (see EQLDIMS)
EQUIL
--

7000 4000

OWC
7150

Pcow

GOC

Pcog

RSVD/PBVD

RVVD/PDVD

1*

1*

1*

1*

EQUIL
76

N
0 /

Block Center Equilibration,

Part 1
Pressure

EQUIL

GOC

TZ
Datum

--D

OWC

3500

4000

7150

1.
2.

T
Z
OWC =
FWL
(Pcow
= 0)

Depth
77

Pcow
0

GOC
3500

Pcog
0

Given: Contacts, Datum

and Pressure
Using BO EOS, calculate
phase pressures
throughout the model, for
example:
h2
Po(h 2) Po(h1) o gdh
h1

Block Centered Equilibrium,

Part
2
Sg = 0.77
Pressure

Sw = 0.23
GOC T

GAS ZONE:
Sg = SGU
Sw = SWL
So = 1 SWL SGU

G-O Rel Perm

Krg

Krog

SGL

Datum

So = 0.77
Sw = 0.23

OIL ZONE:
Sg = SGL, usually
zero
Sw = SWL
So = 1 SWL
SGL

SGU

O-W Rel Perm

Kro

T
Z
OWC =
FWL
(Pcow
= 0)

Depth
78

SWU
Krw

SWL

Sw = 1.00

WATER ZONE:
Sg = SGL, usually
zero
Sw = SWU
So = 1 SWU
SGL

Block Centered Equilibrium,

Part
3
1. Calculate Pcog and
Sg = 0.77
Pressure

Pcow in the transition

zones of the model

Sw = 0.23

Pcow Po Pw
Pcog Pg Po

GOC T

Datum

2. Reverse-lookup Sw
from Pc tables in
PROPS section &
assign to cell centers

So = 0.77
Sw = 0.23

T
Z
OWC =
FWL
(Pcow
= 0)

Pco
w

Swi =
0.25

Sw = 1.00
S

Depth
79

So = 0.75

Not Steady-State
(use
EQLOPTS
QUIESC)
i=1

EQUIL Item 9

Better FIP
estimate

i=
2 i=3

TZ
OWC

TZ

OWC
Effective
OWC

Tilted or level
block
integration
OWC

i=
i =2N-1
2N

Level Block Equilibrium

Block Center
Equilibrium
N = 0: fluid
saturations at the
center of each cell
Steady State
80

Potential errors in FIP

errors

N < 0: average of the conditions

at (2 *-N) horizontal levels within
each grid cell
Tilted Block Equilibrium
N > 0: average of the conditions
at N levels within each cell half,
weighted according to the cells
horizontal cross-section at each
level

Initial Solution Ratios

Used for fluid density calculation
Required as part of the equation of state
for the oil and gas phases
Dissolved gas concentration, Rs or RSVD
Vaporized oil concentration, Rv or RVVD
Bubble point and / or dew point depth
variation, PBVD and/or PDVD
This information
may be supplied
in your PROPS
keywords
81

Restart Runs
The solution at the end
of the initialization is set
as start conditions for
the history match

Field Production Rate

(Initialization Run)

Why bother to
recalculate initial
saturations &
pressures?

Cell
Saturation
s&
Pressures
recorded

History Period
(Restart Run)

Restarts save simulation

time!

Time

82

Enumeration
Initial conditions may be set explicitly
This may be appropriate in reservoirs
with initially tilted contacts or nonequilibrium situations
ECLIPSE will check supplied information
against phases in the Runspec section

83

Output Controls
RPTSOL
SOIL EQUIL RESTART=2 /

Tabular and printed data to the PRT file

Lots of other properties can be written

Initial conditions to the restart file

Can write out interblock flows & FIP
Can be viewed in 3D ( Petrel, FloViz, FloGrid)

RPTSOL
84

SUMMARY Section

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the SUMMARY

Section
The SUMMARY section is used to specify
variables that are to be written to the
Summary file(s) after each time step of
the simulation
These variables can be plotted with
Petrel, Office or GRAF
Optional section (if there is no SUMMARY
section, ECLIPSE does not create any
Summary files)
86

Examples: FOPT (field oil production total),

WWCT (well water cut), CGFR (connection
gas flow rate)

Purpose of the SUMMARY Section

87

SCHEDULE Section: History

Match

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the SCHEDULE

Section
The SCHEDULE section is used to
specify

Well operations to be simulated

Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated
Simulator tuning parameters

The SCHEDULE Section is often used in

two modes:
Focus
of this session
History matching specify actual
wells,
facilities and production/injection
Prediction specify control mechanisms,
new wells, economic limits
89

History Matching vs.

Prediction

Interpreted geology,
geophysics, petrophysics

Reservoir
Description

ECLIPSE
Model

Tuning Runs
Modify
properties until
model & actual rates
match
Actual
Productio
n&
Pressure

OK
?
Model

Productio
n&
Pressure
History
Match
Prediction
90

Sensitivity
Runs Produce
results for risk
evaluation
economics

Sensitivity
Runs Identify
uncertain
properties

Prediction
Runs
Existing wells
continue to
produce & are
worked-over
logically
New well drilling
may be
implemented
EOR options may
be tested

Predictions depend on quality of reservoir description!

Typical History Match Schedule

Section

Specify output
Specify wells, VFP tables, completions
& rates
Advance the simulation

91

Specify old well rates

Specify any workovers
Specify any new wells

Repeat
End of history match

DATA File

VFP Curve Specification

The VFP table is a table of BHP versus
FLO, THP, WFR, GFR and ALQ
FLO is the oil, liquid or gas production rate
WFR is the water-oil ratio, water cut or watergas ratio
GFR is the gas-oil ratio, gas-liquid ratio or oilgas ratio
ALQ is a variable that can be used to
incorporate an additional parameter, such as
the level of artificial lift

92

VFPi is the ECLIPSE family preprocessor that can be used to generate

VFP Table Usage

93

Well Specification:
WELSPECS
Introduces new well and specifies some
of its general data
This keyword is compulsory
A well must be introduced with this keyword
before it can be referenced in any other
keyword
WELSPECS
--nm

P1

grp I J refD phase drad

2 2 1*

OIL

-1 /

P21 G

8 1 1*

OIL

-1 /

I20 G 20 1 1*

WAT

-1 /

/
WELSPECS
94

WELSPECS Item 7, Drainage

Radius
rd

Physical
Model

Productivity index
(PI) and well
drawdown depend
upon:

A significant part of
history matching is
adjusting well
parameters to
achieve the correct
inflow performance
WELSPECS
95

P
w

Pw, well BHP

rd, re drainage
radii

re
ECLIPSE
Model

Grid block size in

ECLIPSE

P*
average
reservoir
pressure

Pc, cell
pressure

P
w

Measure of Pressure
Appropriate drawdown behavior is achieved by
adjusting the productivity index:
Request WBP & WBP9 in the Summary Section
Use the approximation:
WBP9 WBHP H
WPIMULT
WBP WBHP H

WBP9

WBP9
WBP

Where:
WBHP - bottomhole pressure from well test
H - hydrostatic correction (midperfs to ECLIPSE datum)

96

WBP9

WBP9

WELSPECS Item 8, Flow in Gas Wells

P/z

Q P2

P m(P )

Non- Darcy flow

Non-linear behaviour
- use pseudo pressure

QP
Low compressibility
Darcy flow

2000
97

WELSPECS

3500

P (psia)

Completion Specification: COMPDAT

Used to specify the position and
properties of one or more well
completion
COMPDAT
--nm

I J Ku Kl status sat CF Dwell Kh S

P1

2* 1 10

OPEN

1* 1* 0.583 /

P21

2* 1 10

SHUT

1* 1* 0.583 /

I20

2* 1

AUTO

1* 1* 0.583 /

COMPDAT
98

COMPDAT Item 8: Connection

Factor
ECLIPSE default:
Assumes full penetration along only one
axis

Petrel & Schedule program:

Three-part Peaceman formula with full
Permeability in
vector representation, accountsCellfor:
I, J, & K

Well orientation
Kj
Well
Grid permeabilities Trajectory
Portion of the cell perforated
h1
Effective wellbore diameter
Perforations

Kk Ki

h2

COMPDAT
99

Historical Flow Rate:

WCONHIST

Used to set a history-matching wells

observed flow rate
Control modes: ORAT, WRAT, GRAT,
LRAT, RESV
DATES
WCONINJH is injection
counterpart
1 'FEB' 1970 /
/
WCONHIST
--nm stat ctl-by
P1

OPEN

ORAT

oil
822.3

wat

gas

VFPtbl

0.58

6122.5

5* /

Repeated for each date.

100

WCONHIST

History Strategy in Petrel

Import
Well paths (deviation surveys)
Well completion data
Completion intervals
Work-over events
Production/injection data
Export
ECLIPSE Schedule section
keywords
10
1

Simulation Advance & Termination

DATES
1 JAN 1998
1 JUN 1998

TSTEP
1
/ Advance to 12.00 am on 2/6/98

TSTEP
0.2 / Advance by 0.2 days

END Conclude simulation

102

/
/

Advance to 12.00 am on 1/1/98

Advance to 12.00 am on 1/6/98

Common Workover
Keywords
WELOPEN
Open and shut wells at known time
COMPDAT
Alter completion properties to simulate plugs,
squeezes, frac jobs
WELPI, WPIMULT
Modify well PI
MULTX, MULTX-, MULTY, MULTY-, MULTZ, MULTZ Change cell transmissibility to simulate damage

103

Output Control
To send output to the PRT file:
RPTSCHED
Can request many properties to be output

To send output to Restart file(s )

RPTRST
Can request many properties to be output
Can specify the frequency of output
Can be used for Restart runs & 3D postprocessors
RPTSCHED

104

RPTRST

SCHEDULE Section:
Prediction

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Purpose of the SCHEDULE

Section

The SCHEDULE section is used to specify

Well operations to be simulated
Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated
Simulator tuning parameters

The SCHEDULE Section is often used in

two modes:
History matching specify actual wells,
facilities and production/injection
Prediction specify control mechanisms,
new wells, economic limits
This
slide does not appear in the
106
manual

1.
2.
3.
4.

Typical Prediction Schedule

Section

Specify/Change output frequency

Choose keywords
Specify wells, VFP tables, completions
that will cause
ECLIPSE to treat
Specify Groups
wells in a manner
similar to the
Specify Group & Well:

5.
6.

company
Economic limits, Well tests
operating the
Automatic Workovers, Drilling, etc
field.

Advance the simulation

End of Prediction
DATA File

107

Well Production Control:

WCONPROD
WCONPROD
--nm status ctl-by Oil

W-G-Limit BHP THP VFP#

ORAT 4000 2000 3* 3000 2* /

2.
2. P1
P1 is
is moved
movedtoto
BHP control

BHP control

3. P1 is switched
to control by
water
rate

Water
cut is
rising
and
BHP
droppi
ng

WMCTL = 7 BHP
Control
The waterflood
has reached P1
but is not
providing
enough
pressure
support

WMCTL = 2
WRAT
Control

WMCTL =
1 ORAT
Control
Days

108

WCONPROD

BHP rises
due to
pressure
support
from the
aquifer &
injector

PSIA

1.
P1 is
1. P1
is under
underoil
oil
rate
rate control
control

WBHP

P1 OPEN

Group Production Control

Group control is used to mimic field operation
Some Examples:

DATA File

Platform A has a certain water-handling capacity

(GCONPROD)
Facility B uses 25% of its gas production to run a
treater, the remaining is sold (GCONSUMP)
A voidage replacement scheme is implemented in
Block C (GCONINJE)
To maintain pipeline capacity, Company D will drill wells
whenever the field production falls below a rate
(PRIORITY)
109

Economic Limit Definition

Field/group economic limit (GECON)
Well economic limit (WECON)
Individual connection economic limit
(CECON)
Economic limits can be triggered when:

110

Oil production rate falls below limit

Gas production rate falls below limit
Water cut exceeds limit
Gas-oil ratio exceeds limit
Water-gas ratio exceeds limit

Automatic Workovers
Triggered by
Economic limit keywords (WECON, WECONINJ,
CECON)
Maximum limit set in GCONPROD

Some examples:

DATA File

Plug back a well (WPLUG)

Test shut-in wells and reopen (WTEST)
Retube or add pump/gas lift, ie change VFP table
(WLIFT)
Cut back producers and injectors (WCUTBACK)
Set up drilling queue (QDRILL, WDRILTIM)

111

Restart Runs

Field Production Rate

The solution at the end

of the history period is
set as start conditions
for the prediction runs
Why bother to
recalculate past
saturations &
pressures?

Cell
Saturation
s&
Pressures
recorded
History Period

(Restart Run)

(Base Run)

Pr
es
en
tD

ay

Restarts save
simulation time!

11
2

Prediction Period

Time

Restarts in ECLIPSE Blackoil

Flexible restart
Data must be processed (ie the transmissibilities are
recalculated)
User can change some of the data items from their
values in the original run (ie increase the number of
wells)
Can restart on files written by earlier versions of ECLIPSE

Fast restart
Data is stored in a processed form
Must have been produced by the current version of
ECLIPSE
113

Convergence

Purpose of this session

Convergence of the simulation equation
affects:
validity of the results
speed of the simulation run

Recognizing and correcting convergence

problems is an important part of simulation
ECLIPSE can be made to produce reports
showing how both the linear and non-linear
iterations are proceeding and the methods by
which time steps are selected
115

What is Convergence

Advance
Timestep

ECLIPSE uses an
iterative process
based on Newton's
method to solve the
non-linear
The number of
equations

Linearize
the
Equations
Iterate to
solve the
linear
equations
Plug the
linear
solution
into the
non-linear
equation
Non-linear
iteration

non-linear
iterations is a
guide to model
convergence
Non-linears
per Timestep

Guide

1
2 to 3

Very easy to converge

Easy to converge
Increasingly difficult flow
situation
Problem with model?

4 to 9
> 10

11
6

No

Is
the
solut
ion
good
?

Ye
s

Requesting Convergence
Information
RPTSCHED

NEWTON=2 /
Days since SOS

# of
linears

# Satn
# times P, Rs,
changes
Rv changes
suppressed
reduced

Values of
worst
residuals

117

Length of
current
timestep

Cell w/ that Material

residual balance for
that cell

Reason for
timestep

# of
nonlinears

# cells with
different
phases

Press & SWAT

change for that cell
(since last iteration)

Date of
current
timestep
# state
transitions

Simulation Run Time Improvements 4

Linear
Linear
Linear
Iteration Iteration Iteration

Check all Warning

Messages for data
problems

NonNonNonlinear
linear
linear
Iteration Iteration Iteration
Timeste Timeste
Reduce when
difficult modeling
p
p
situations arise

Request reports
only when you
need them
The greatest improvements in
performance are obtained by
identifying & correcting the
cause of any non-linear problem
118

Report
Step

Timeste
p
Report
Step
ECLIPSE
Simulati
on

Report
Step

TUNING keyword
Controls available from the Schedule
section:
TUNING sets timestepping, iteration and
convergence criteria

TUNINGL is used for the LGRs in the

model

Guidelines:

119

Timestepping controls need alteration fairly

frequently
TUNING
Iteration controls seldom need adjustment
Convergence controls need adjustment only

EXTRAPMS
This keyword instructs ECLIPSE to warn
the user whenever extrapolations are
made to PVT (or VFP) tables
ECLIPSE stores PVT tables internally as
the reciprocals of FVF and Viscosity* FVF
If insufficient PVT data is supplied,
ECLIPSE may extrapolate the PVT table
data to inaccurate or non-physical
EXTRAPMS
values!
120

Common Causes of Problems

Data Error
Typographic errors
Special Characters & missing
values

Plot &
Fix!

Grid geometry
Small PV cells next to large PV
cells

LGRs
LGR smaller than drainage
radius
Initial contacts outside LGR

Dual porosity
High value of sigma
12
1

Inactivate with
PINCH or
MINPV!

Treatment of LGRs
Local time stepping (E100
Only)
Global time step not limited
by local time step
Semi-explicit (potentially
unstable)

Local Time Stepping Algorithm

Global t Defined

Global Model Solved

In-place solution
Fully implicit (unconditionally
stable)
Global time step = local time
step
LGRLOCK / LGRFREE turn inplace solution on / off (E100
only)

Local t Defined

Local Grid Solved

Tglobal =
Tlocal ?

Y
122

Pressures at boundary
Fluxes across boundaries
Group targets solved

Local block pressure

Local saturations
Material balance check
between global and local

Convergence Checklist
Check all problem and warning messages
Try removing TUNING keywords
Identify problem cells and try to work out
what is happening in the cells at the time of
the convergence problems
For example, PINCH & MINPV can eliminate some
throughput related problems

Check rel-perm tables for sharp derivative

changes
Avoid PVT extrapolations (EXTRAPMS)
Avoid VFP extrapolations (EXTRAPMS)
123

Thank You

 Extra Slides

Radial vs Cartesian
Keywords
Block-centered

126

Corner Point

Cartesian

Radial

Cartesian

Radial

NX, NY, NZ

NR, NTHETA, NZ

NX, NY, NZ

NR, NTHETA, NZ

DX, DY, DZ
(or
D*V form)

DR (INRAD &
OUTRAD),
DTHETA, DZ (or
D*V form)

COORD, ZCORN

COORD, ZCORN

PERMX, -Y, -Z

PERMR, -THT, -Z

PERMX, -Y, -Z

PERMR, -THT, -Z

MULTX, etc

MULTR, etc

MULTX, etc

MULTR, etc

Aquifer Modelling

This slide does not appear in the

manual

Aquifer Modeling
ECLIPSE Blackoil provides these aquifer
options:
Numerical Aquifer
Analytical Aquifer
Carter-Tracy aquifer
Fetkovich aquifer

Flux Aquifer
Grid Cell Aquifer

128

Numerical Aquifer
Nominate grid cells below the OW contact
(AQUNUM)
Attach the aquifer to the reservoir using
AQUCON
Leave a row of water cells between the
GRID
AQUNUM aquifer & oil zone
--Aq#

Area

Length

1E2

1E2

0.3

1E4

1E3

0.3

1E6

1E4

0.3

Oil Zone
No Flow

AQUCON
--Aq#
1
129

I1

I2

J1

J2

K1

K2

Face

I-

Aquifer Cells

Fetkovich Aquifers
Fetkovich aquifers are based on a
pseudo-steady state productivity index
and material balance between aquifer
pressure and cumulative influx
They are best suited for smaller aquifers
which may approach psuedo steady
state quickly
In the Solution Section:
Set up lists of aquifers AQUALIST
Define the aquifer with AQUFETP
Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON
130

Carter-Tracy Aquifers
Carter-Tracy aquifers use tables of
dimensionless time td versus
dimensionless pressure Pd(td)to
determine the influx
Carter-Tracy approximates a fully
transient model
In the Solution Section:

131

Set up lists of aquifers AQUALIST

Define the aquifer with AQUCT
Define pressure response with AQUTAB
Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON

Flux Aquifers
The flux rate is specified directly by the user:

Qai Fa Ai mi

Fa is the flux
Ai the area of the connecting
cell block

m is an aquifer influx
It may be negative, representing
flux out of the
multiplier
reservoir
The flux rate may be modified in the Schedule
Section
In the Solution section
i

Set up lists of aquifers AQUALIST

Specify the aquifer using AQUFLUX
Attach the aquifer using AQUANCON
132

Grid Cell Aquifer

Simulation model extends over the
water zone
No extra keywords necessary

133

Output Controls
Summary Quantities
Analytic aquifers
AAQR, AAQT, AAQP

Numerical aquifers
ANQR, ANQT, ANQP

Print file data

RPTGRID, RPTSCHED, RPTSOL

134