Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVES
BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
FDMA
TDMA
Cellular Technology &
Frequency Re-use Scheme
Speech Coding
Modulation
FDMA
GSM
MULTIPLE ACCESS
124
...
Freq
890.2
914.8
Mhz.
GSM
FDMA
890
915
25 MHz
1
890.4 890.6
200 kHz
45MHz
960
25 MHz
1
Mobile to Base
890.2
935
Base to Mobile
(MHz)
935.2
935.4
935.6
200 kHz
TDMA
GSM
TDMA
Amplitude
45 MHz
F1
(Cell Rx)
5 6
7 8
F2
5 6
7 8
F1
F2
(Cell transmit)
Frequency
FDMA/TDMA Scheme
TIM
E
BP2
BP1
BP8
BP7
BP6
BURST
F
BP5
BP4
BP3
BP2
BP1
E
890.2
890.6
891.0
890.
890.4
890.8
891.2
0
FRE
Q
915.8
MHz
TIME SLOT
3 CC SMS
57 SS
T
CM
Encrypted
1
S
26
57
8.25
Training
Encrypted
GP
Normal Burst
CELLULAR
TECHNOLOGY
Cellular Technology
Cell
Site
WHAT IS A CELL ?
A base station (transmitter) having a number of RF
CELL
Types of Cells
OMNI CELLS
SECTOR CELLS
- Two Sector Cells
- Three Sector Cells
Fundamental problems
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
INTERFERENCE AND SYSTEM CAPACITY
FREQUENCY REUSE PATTERN
CELLULAR ENVIRONMENT
CAPACITY CONSIDERATIONS
FUTURE TRENDS
ASSUMPTIONS
Traffic /User = 30 mE
GOS = 1%
CLUSTER
GIVEN FREQ.
RESOURCE
7
1
6
5
A CLUSTER OF CELLS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4/12
7/21
CELLULAR PRINCIPLE
N=7
2
7
3
7
1
6
4
5
1
6
4
5
12 3 456 7
Frequency Reuse Pattern N=7
Co Chl Interference is
a Function of Q
the re-use ratio:
Q =D / R
Higher Q
Lower Q
Co Channel Interference
Q = D /R = 3N
N =Cluster Size
R = Size (Radius of Cell)
D = Distance between two Co- Channel Cells
Co Channel Interference
Higher Q
LOWER Q
Less Interference
Higher N
More Cluster Size
Less RF freq/cell
Less Traffic Handling
Capacity of the system
Higher Interference
Increased System
Handling Capacity
CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
MICRO CELL
MACRO CELL
UMBRELLA CELL
8 Access Channels
1--Signaling
7- Voice
With 2 % GoS
2.94 E
2.94E/25mE=120 Subs
Speech Coding
Audio CODEC
RPE : LTP = Regular Pulse Excitation :
Long term Prediction
Modulation
GSM Specifications
Carrier Separation
200 kHz
Duplex Distance
45 MHz
No. of RF Carriers
124
Access Method
TDMA/FDMA
Modulation Method
GMSK
Transmission Rate
270.833 Kbps
Speech Coding
GSM
GSM
Interleaving
- These 456 bits for every 20 ms of speech are interleaved forming eight blocks of 57 bits each.
GSM
- One burst contains only 148 bits. Rest of the space, 8.25 bits time, is empty and is
called Guard Period ( GP ).
GSM
Speech to Radio waves
Analog
Analog
Speech Coding
Speech Decoding
Channel Coding
Channel Decoding
Interleaving
De-interleaving
Burst formatting
Burst formatting
Ciphering
Deciphering
Modulation
Demodulation
200kHz BW
200kHz BW
2047
Superframe = 26 51
multiframes
6.12 Seconds
50
25
26 Multiframe
51 Multiframe
120 mS
Approx 235 mS
24
25
TDMA
frame
4.615 mS
3
48
49
50
Frames 12 : SACCH
5
Frames 25 : Unused
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 frame
multiframe
Duration: 120 ms
BP 0
Tail
bit
s
BP 1
57
Data
bits
BP 2
BP 3
BP 4
26
BP 5
BP 6
BP 7
57
Data
bits
TDMA frame
Duration: 60/13
ms
=4.615
ms
3
8.25
Tail Guar
d
bits
bits
Normal burst
Duration 15/26
ms
Super Frame
Hyper Frame
GSM
LOGICAL CHANNELS
USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC)
SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)
GSM
CONTOL CHHANELS OVER LOGICAL CHANNELS
Intended to carry signalling and synchronisation
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS
Broadcast control channel BCCH
Common control channel CCCH
Dedicated control channel DCCH
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
DEDICATED MODE
-- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL
has been allocated during an established call
IDLE MODE MODE
--
GSM
THREE TYPES OF CONTROL CHANNELS
Broadcast control channel BCCH
P- MP
For Freq Correction
For Syncronisation
Common control channel CCCH
For ACCESS Management
Dedicated control channel DCCH
P- P
For Registration
,authentication
& Handover
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
IDLE MODE
--
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
ACCESS PROCEDURE
-- Access to system
( switch over from IDLE to DEDICATED Mode)
MS indicates to BS that it needs a connection
BS accepts the request & indicates which
traffic CHL it may use
For above purpose specific transmission is done over
Common Channels
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
MOBILE O/G Call
MS sends access over RACH
System allocates SDCCH through AGCH
Set up information exchanged over SDCCH
( Authentication , Measurement Reports, Power Control)
Lastly TCH is assigned through SDCCH when a
conversation can start
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
MOBILE I/C Call
Paging to MS through PCH since MS is monitoring PAGCH
MS responds by sending a page response over RACH
As a result system allocates SDCCH to MS over AGCH
Set up information exchanged over SDCCH
( Authentication, Call set-up messages , Power Control)
Lastly TCH
OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
IDLE MODE
IDLE MODE
----FCCH
---- SCH
----BCCH
MS O/G Call
----RACH
----AGCH
----SDCCH
----TCH
MS I/C Call
----PCH
----RACH
----AGCH
----SDCCH
----TCH