Introduction

to
Hydrogeology

Hydrology: Processes governing the

depletion and replenishment of water
resources of land areas of the earth.
Dealing with ground water

Hydrogeology:
Mode
of
occurrence,
distribution,
movement
and chemistry
of
water occurring in the subsurface
in relation to the geological
environment.
Geohydrology: Emphasising the
hydrologic aspect.

 Dealing with surface water

Potamology: Science of
surface stream
Limnology: Science of Lakes
Cryology: Science of snow
and ice
Dealing with air water
Hydrometeorology
Climetology

 Importance
Evaluation
of
surface
waterrequired parameters- precipitation,
infiltration, slope
Evaluation of ground water-required
parameters-geometry
of
basin,
storage, yield, properties of aquifer
Mineral prospecting and miningSulphide minerals-1ppm Zinc
Evaluation of sites for geotechnical
construction reservoir and dam

 Problem related to pollution

Proper management of water
resource- Problem excess extraction of ground
water depletion of water level,
subsidence of land surface---both by artificial recharge
Excess use of surface water for
irrigation
water
logging---by
conjuctive use

 Groundwater development

Stratigraphy

Petrography

Structural Geology

Geomorphology
------ Presence of aquifer, type of
aquifer,
dimension of
aquifer,
lithofacies
variation
productivity, quality of water,
structure of formation

 Water resource
Ocean Ice caps
Deep ground water

97%
2%
0.31%

Fresh water 0.69%

(surface water
3%,
subsurface 97%)

 Hydrogeology and
environment
Construction of reservoirshallow
water table
Deforestation---reduce
infiltration
and recharge, increase runoff and
erosion and evaporation
Waste disposal--- water quality
(water pollution)

 Hydrogeological
classification of rocks
Consolidated (hard)
Unconsolidated (soft)

 Hydrologic cycle:

The circulation of
water from the ocean to the
atmosphere, atmosphere to the
lithosphere and lithosphere to the
ocean occurring through complex
and independent process
including precipitation, runoff,
ground water flow, evaporation
and transpiration, is called
hydrologic cycle.

 The stages of the Hydrological

Cycle.

 Hydrologic cycle

Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Field capacity
Wilting point
Consumptive use
Conjunctive use
Infiltration
Run off

 1.Precipitation: It is
atmospheric discharge
of water in the form of
the solid, liquid from the
earth surface. The
distribution of water on
the surface and
subsurface is governed
by duration and intensity

Types of precipitation
Cyclonic
Convective
Orographic

Forms of Precipitation
Drizzle--.1-.5mm
Rain-- >.5mm
Glaze
Sleet ice pellets14mm
Snowice crystal
Hail->5mm
Dew

 2. Evaporation and
transpiration:
It is the process by which
water is returned to the
atmosphere.
Evaporation:
Sublimation:
Transpiration:

Factors
affecting
evaporation
Meteorological
Radiation,temperature,h
umidity,wind, pressure
Physical factors: water
quality, shape and size
of evaporating surface

 (i) Wilting point: Lowest amount of

moisture that is held by soil, not
available
for
transpiration
by
vegetation, is the wilting point
(ii)Field capacity: The maximum
water that the soil can hold against
the force of gravity.
Available soil moisture: Difference
between field capacity and wilting

 1. Transpiration: The part of water

reaching the ground is evaporated
through the leaves.
2. Evapo-transpiration:The
umulative loss by evaporation and
transpiration
(i) Consumptive
use:
Term
includes water used in plant
metabolism
and
evapotranspiration.

 4.
Infiltration:
Moving
of
precipitated water in
to subsurface. The
rate of infiltration
depends on the rain
fall
intensity,

 Runoff. Runoff is the

water discharged through
stream consisting wholly,
or in part, of water
contributed by overland
flow (surface runoff) and
ground water flow (base
flow).

Vertical
distribution of
water or kind of
ground water
Zone of
aeration

 Above water table

Soil water
Pellicular water
Vadose
Pearched water
Capillary water

 Below water table

Free water
Confined water
Fixed water
Connet water

 Zone of saturation
Aquifer
Aquitard
Aquiclude
Aquifuge

Types of aquifer
Unconfined or water table or
phreatic
Confined or artesian or
pressure
Leaky or semi confined
Piezometric surface