Bab #12 Implementation and

Maintenance

Software Development Methodologies

UI 2/23/15

1 Bespoke development. With a

bespoke development, the
application is developed from scratch
through programming of a solution by
an in-house or external development
team or systems integrator.
2 Off-the-shelf. In a packaged
implementation a standard existing
system is purchased from a solution
vendor and installed on servers and
clients located within the organization.
Alternatively, free or low-cost opensource software may be used. A web
design tool such as Dreamweaver is a
simple example of an off-the-shelf
packaged implementation.

Acquisition
Methods #1

UI 2/23/15

3 Hosted software as a service (SaaS)

solution.With a hosted solution, a
standard system is used, but it is not
managed within the company, but
using a third-party applications service
provider variously known as ondemand, web services or a
managed solution. The merits and
examples of the SaaS approach have
been discussed in Chapters 3 and 6.
4 Tailored development. In a tailored
development, an off-the-shelf system
or SaaS solution is tailored according
to the organizations needs. This form
of project is often based on integrating
components from one or several
vendors.
4

Acquisition
Methods #2

UI 2/23/15

1 Functionality. The features of the

application.Describes how well the e-business
application meets the business need.
2 Ease of use. Every system takes some time to use,
but systems should be intuitive to minimize the time
needed to learn how to use them. A well-constructed
piece of software will make it fast to conduct common
tasks.
3 Performance. The speed of the application to
performdifferent functions. This is measured by how
long the user has to wait for individual functions to be
completed such as data retrieval, calculation and
screen display. It will depend on the power of the
computer, but can vary significantly between
applications.
4 Scalability. Scalability is related to performance; it
describes how well a system can adapt to higher
workloads which arise as a company grows. For
example, an ERP system will require more customer
details, suppliers and products to be held on it as the
company grows. The workload will also be higher as
the number of internal and external users of the
system increases.

The main
criteria used to
select the
solution #1

UI 2/23/15

5 Compatibility or interoperability. This refers to

how easy it is to integrate the application with
other applications. For example, does it have
import and export facilities, does it support
transfer of data using XML?
6 Extensibility. Related to scalability and
interoperability, this describes how easy it is to
add new functions or features to a package by
adding new modules from the original vendor or
other vendors.
7 Stability or reliability. All applications have
errors or bugs and applications vary in the number
of times they fail depending on how well they have
been tested since they were first introduced.
8 Security. Capabilities for restricting access to
applications should be assessed. This is
particularly important for hosted solutions.
9 Support. Levels of support and the cost of
support from the software vendor will vary. There
is a risk that small companies may cease trading
and the product may no longer be supported.

The main
criteria used to
select the
solution #2

UI 2/23/15

1 Implementation is an iterative process of

managing changes involving analysis, design,
testing and review as part of an evolutionary
prototyping process.
2 Maintenance is a continuous process of
monitoring, assessing required changes and
then implanting them using evolutionary
prototyping.
3 Simple web pages are developed in static
HTML. Most e-business systems require
dynamic pages that are implemented using
client- and server-side scripting, of which the
most popular are JavaScript and ASP.
4 Testing has two main objectives: first, to
check for non-conformance with the business
and user requirements, and second, to identify
bugs or errors. There are many specialized
techniques to test either part of the system
(component testing) or all of the system
(system testing).

Summary #1

UI 2/23/15

5 Changeover has to be managed to

include elements of piloting, phased
implementation, immediate cutover and
parallel running.
6 Content management requires a clearly
defined update process and
responsibilities according to different
types of changes required.
7 Measurement also requires process and
responsibilities and also a measurement
framework. A suggested framework for
sell-side e-commerce assesses channel
promotion, channel behaviour, channel
satisfaction, channel outcomes and
channel profitability. Selection of
appropriate web analytics tools is
important to assess the effectiveness of
e-commerce.
8

Summary #2

UI 2/23/15

Apps Frameworks

UI 2/23/15

Testing

10

UI 2/23/15

Implementation

11

UI 2/23/15

1 Write. This stage involves writing copy and, if

necessary, designing the layout of copy and associated
images.
2 Review. An independent review of the copy is
necessary to check for errors before a document is
published. Depending on the size of organization, review
may be necessary by one person or several people
covering different aspects of site quality such as
corporate image, marketing copy, branding and legality.
3 Correct. This stage is straightforward and involves
updates necessary as a result of stage 2.
4 Publish (to test environment). The publication stage
involves putting the corrected copy on a web page which
can be checked further. This will be in a test environment
that can only be viewed from inside the company.
5 Test. Before the completed web page is made available
over theWorldWideWeb a final test will be required for
technical issues such as whether the page loads
successfully on different browsers.
6 Publish (to live environment). Once the material has
been reviewed and tested and is signed off as
satisfactory it will be published to themain web site and
will be accessible by customers.

12

Content
Changes

UI 2/23/15

Content Update

13

UI 2/23/15