Assembled By : Kawan K.

Ghafor
Building Construction Department
Sulaimany University

BEND-Beam-Si

UNITS
BENDING IN BEAM
ASSUMPTIONS
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
STRESS DIAGRAM
FAILURE MECHANISM
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
SECTION PROPERTIES
TABLES

BEND-Beam-Si

EXERCISES

UNITS :
LENGTH
Span
: m (meter)
Element dimension : mm (millimeter)
FORCE, LOAD
N (Newton) ; kN (kilo-Newton)
1 kg = 1 x 9.81 = 9.81 N
1 ton = 103 x 9.81 = 9.81 x 103 N = 9.81 kN
STRESS
MPa (1 MPa = 1 N/mm2)
DENSITY
kN/m3

BEND-Beam-Si

BENDING IN BEAM

M+
Crack in tension area
M+
BEND-Beam-Si

Reinforcement in tension area

1
2
3
4
5

2
3

3
4

section

strain

BEND-Beam-Si

ASSUMPTIONS
1. Hypothesis of Bernouilli
In bending plane sections remain plane.
2. Law of Navier
The longitudinal strains of fibers are proportional to
their distance to the neutral axis
c
c
h

M+
s

b
BEND-Beam-Si

Neutral
Axis

Where :
c = concrete strain
s = steel strain

c
c
=
s
d-c

6. The tensile forces are carried entirely by the

reinforcement in all sections. The role of concrete
in tension is neglected.
cu
c
d

Neutral
Axis

M+
b

BEND-Beam-Si

ACTUAL STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

OF STEEL
Stress
Upper yield stress

fsu
fy

Est
1

Tensile rupture
Not to scale

E
1

sh
Plastic

Elastic
BEND-Beam-Si

Strain
Strain-hardening
8

IDEALIZED STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF STEEL

fs (MPa)
fy2 = 400 MPa

400

fy1 = 240 MPa

240
fs
Es =
s
y1 y2

Where :
fs = stress of steel
; fy
= yield stress
s = strain of steel
; y = yield strain
Es = Modulus of elasticity = 200.000 MPa
For :
BEND-Beam-Si
s y

s < y
fs f y

fs = Es .
9

ACTUAL STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

OF CONCRETE
Stress
(MPa)
fc

fct

cu
(0.003)

Strain

Where:
fc = compression stress of concrete (based on cylinder specimen)
fct = tension stress of concrete 0.5 fc (MPa)
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete 4700 fc (MPa)
cu = Ultimate compression strain of concrete
BEND-Beam-Si
10

fc = 82.7 MPa

11
68.9

10
9

55.1

800

80

700

70

600

60

500

7
41.3

400

50
40

34.4

27.6

300

30

20.7

200

20

100

10

MPa

12

kgf/cm2

Compression strength of concrete, fc, ksi

ACTUAL STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

OF SEVERAL CONCRETE STRENGTH

1
0

BEND-Beam-Si

0.001

0.002

Strain, in/in (mm/mm)

0.003

0.004

11

COMPRESSION AREA OF BEAM IN BENDING

fc
c
C

1 = 0.5
= 0.333
b. Triangle

1 = 0.85
= 0.425
a. Hyperbolic

M+

1.0
0.8

1 =

1 = 0.85

0.4

1 = 0.65

Values of 1

0.2

BEND-Beam-Si

Shaded area
Area of rectangle

0.6

0.0
0

1 = 0.67
= 0.375
c. Parabola

for

= 0.85

12

Concrete strength (ksi)

12

RECTANGLE SCHEME OF STRESS DIAGRAM

0.85 fc
c

a = 1c

Mn +

C
Neutral axis

T
b
H=0
M=0
BEND-Beam-Si

C = T
Mn = C . (d - a)
13

No (6) about stress - strain relationship (f - ) of concrete

fc

(a)

fc

fc

(e)

fc

a = 1 c
c

BEND-Beam-Si

fc

cu

cu

No 7

(b)

cu

(c)
fc

cu

(d)

cu

Where :
= 0.85
1 = 0.85 for fc 30 MPa
= 0.85 - 0.008 (fc - 30)
for 30 < fc 55 MPa
in all cases 1 0.65

14

COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SCHEME OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION AREA

C=T
f c

Mu

0.67 b.c.fc = As.fy

0.37c)

0.37 c

Ts (d-

0.64 b.c.fc = As.fy

0.35c)

0.35 c

Ts (d-

0.76 b.c.fc = As.fy

0.40c)

0.40 c

Ts (d-

0.72 b.c.fc = As.fy

0.42c)

0.42 c

Ts (d-

f c
y

f c
y

0.85 fc
y

Note : d = effective depth of beam section ;

As = steel reinforcement area
;

BEND-Beam-Si

c = depth of neutral axis

fy = yield strength of steel

15

EXAMPLE

C = T (kN) c (mm) y (mm) Mu (kNm)

As

350

fc

fc

250
fc = 25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
As = 3D16
= 603 mm2
b = 250 mm
h = 350 mm

fc

0.85 fc

Mean

241.2

57.6

21.3

79.3

241.2

60.3

21.1

79.3

241.2

50.8

20.3

79.5

241.2

53.6

22.5

79.0

241.2

55.1

22.0

79.3

The result difference is less than 1%

BEND-Beam-Si

16

FAILURE MECHANISM DUE TO BENDING

BALANCED FAILURE

UNDER-REINFORCED FAILURE /
TENSION STEEL YIELDING

BEND-Beam-Si

OVER-REINFORCED FAILURE/
CONCRETE COMPRESSION FAILURE

17

FAILURE MECHANISM
cu= 0.003

cu= 0.003

cu= 0.003

cbal

s > y

s < y

MU +
s = y

BEND-Beam-Si

Balanced
Failure

UnderReinforced

OverReinforced

As = As bal

As < As bal

As > As bal
18

1. BALANCED FAILURE
cu = 0.003 is reached at the same time when s = y
cu = 0.003
cbal

0.85 fc
abal

MU +

d-a

As bal

T
s = y

Strain

cbal
0.003
=
d
0.003 + y
cbal =
BEND-Beam-Si

600
600 + fy

fs = f y
Stress

Multiplied with Es = 2.105 MPa

(1)
19

C
0.85 fc . abal . b
0.85 fc . 1 . cbal . b
As bal =

As bal . fy

As bal . fy

0.85 fc . 1 . cbal . b
fy

: bd

0.85 fc . 1 . cbal
(2)
fy . d
Substitute eq. (1) into eq. (2) found :
bal =

bal =
BEND-Beam-Si

0.85 fc . 1 . 600
fy
600 + fy

20

2. UNDER-REINFORCED FAILURE

cu = 0.003 is reached when s >> y ; < bal ; c < cbal

cu = 0.003
c

MU +

0.85 fc

d-a

As
b

H = 0

BEND-Beam-Si

T
s >> y
Strain

f s = fy
Stress

C
= T
0.85 fc . a . b = As . fy
As . f y
a =
0.85 fc .a.b
Mn = T (d - a)

. (1)

21

Substitute eq. (1) into eq.(2) found :

Mn = As . fy ( d - . As . fy )
0.85 fc . b
: bd2
= . fy ( 1 - 0.59 fy )
fc

Mn
bd2

Mn = bd2 . fy ( 1 - 0.59 fy )
fc

BEND-Beam-Si

22

3. OVER-REINFORCED FAILURE

cu = 0.003 is reached when s < y ; > bal ; c > cbal

cu = 0.003
c

MU +

0.85 fc
a

d-a

As

T
s < y

Strain

fs < f y
Stress

This failure mechanism should be avoided.

Concrete failure prior to the yielding of steel
could lead to a brittle failure condition.
BEND-Beam-Si

23

MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT ( max)

max = 0.75 bal
Where : bal = reinforcement ratio in balanced strain condition
cu = 0.003
c

MU +

bal =

As bal
b

cu + y

Strain

As bal
b.d

This specification is made in order to ensure that only

Under-Reinforced Failure occur in the section.
BEND-Beam-Si

24

MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT ( min)

min =

1.4
fy

This specification is made in order to anticipate a

significant raise in steel stress (f s )when the concrete
is starting to crack.
Significant raise of steel stress make the steel cut off
suddenly.
NOTE :
For slab : min = 0.002 ; fy = 240 MPa
= 0.018 ; fy = 400 MPa
to anticipate creep and shrinkage in concrete
BEND-Beam-Si
25

RECTANGULAR SECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

Compression Reinforcement
Stirrup
300 mm

Concrete cover

MU +

Additional reinforcement
(Torsion reinf. : 12mm)
Tension reinforcement
Concrete cover
db or 25 mm

BEND-Beam-Si

26

TABLE 5.1.a - CUR IV

Mu/bd2

= 0,8

CONCRETE STRENGTH fc 15

fy = 240 MPa

au
100
0,0005
0,191
200
0,0011
0,190
300
0,0016
0,189
400
0,0021
0,188
500
0,0027
0,187
600
0,0032
0,186
700
0,0038
0,185
800
0,0043
0,184
900
0,0049
0,183
1000
0,0055
0,182
1100
0,0061
0,181
1200
0,0067
0,180
1300
0,0073
0,179
1400
0,0079
0,178
..
.
.
3000
0,0190
0,158
3100
0,0199
0,156
3200
0,0207
0,155
3300
0,0216
0,153
3400
0,0225
0,151
3500
0,0234
0,150
BEND-Beam-Si

fy = 400 MPa

au
0,0003
0,318
0,0006
0,317
0,0010
0,315
0,0013
0,314
0,0016
0,312
0,0019
0,310
0,0023
0,309
0,0026
0,307
0,0029
0,305
0,0033
0,303
0,0036
0,302
0,0040
0,300
0,0044
0,298
0,0047
0,296

0,01114
0,263
0,0119
0,260
0,0124
0,258

c/d

z/d

0,012
0,023
0,035
0,047
0,059
0,071
0,084
0,096
0,109
0,122
0,135
0,148
0,161
0,174

0,422
0,440
0,458
0,478
0,497
0,518

0,995
0,990
0,985
0,980
0,975
0,970
0,964
0,959
0,954
0,948
0,943
0,937
0,932
0,926
...
0,821
0,813
0,805
0,797
0,789
0,780

27

MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER (mm)

Structural
Component

Un-Exposed to
ground or weather

Exposed to
ground or weather

Floor / wall

D36 : 20
> D36 : 40

D16 : 40
> D16 : 50

Beam

all diameter : 40

D16 : 40
> D16 : 50

Column

all diameter : 40

D16 : 40
> D16 : 50

For all cast in situ concrete which directly contact with ground,
minimum concrete cover : 70 mm
BEND-Beam-Si
28

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT (mm2)

6
8
10
12
14
16
19
20
22
25
28
32

1
28
50
79
113
154
201
284
314
380
491
616
804

BEND-Beam-Si

2
57
101
157
226
308
402
567
628
760
982
1232
1608

3
85
151
236
339
462
603
851
942
1140
1473
1847
2413

4
113
201
314
452
616
804
1134
1257
1521
1963
2463
3217

Number of bar
5
6
141
170
251
302
393
471
565
679
770
924
1005
1206
1418
1701
1571
1885
1901
2281
2454
2945
3079
3695
4021
4825

7
198
352
550
792
1078
1407
1985
2199
2661
3436
4310
5630

8
226
402
628
905
1232
1608
2268
2513
3041
3927
4926
6434

9
254
453
707
1018
1385
1810
2552
2827
3421
4418
5542
7238

10
283
503
785
1131
1539
2011
2835
3142
3801
4909
6158
8042

29

Analysis of rectangular section due to bending

EXERCISE - 1

A rectangular section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :

h

MU+

416
b

fc = 20 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
b = 300 mm
h = 500 mm

a. Check the failure mechanism of this section, UNDER or OVERREINFORCED FAILURE ?

b. Based on (a), find the depth of neutral axis, c,
and ultimate moment, Mu that could be resisted by this section.
c. If the reinforcement 4 16 is replaced with reinforcement 6 19,
how much Mu would be increased ?
BEND-Beam-Si

30

EXERCISE - 2

Design of rectangular section due to bending

A beam of reinforced concrete resists the uniformed dead load (q D)

and live load (qL) as drawn below :
qL = 20 kN/m
qD = 15 kN/m
A

7.20

3.60

Sectional dimension : 400 x 600 mm, concrete strength f c = 25 MPa

and steel strength fy = 400 MPa.
a. Due to the loads, draw the moment diagram of the beam.
b. Design the reinforcement of beam at maximum M+ (in the middle
of span AB) and maximum M- (at support B).
c. Check the chosen reinforcement to maximum and minimum
reinforcement requirements as specified in SNI.
BEND-Beam-Si
31

EXERCISE - 3

Analysis of rectangular section due to bending

A rectangular section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :

3 22

b
Mu
(kNm)

a. If fc = 20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,

find the ultimate moment Mu that could be
resisted by this several value of dimension :
b = 300 mm
h = 300, 400, 500, 600 mm
Drawn your results as graphical model.
h (mm)

b. Compare the result of (a), with another relationship :

h=400 mm and b = 300, 400, 500, 600 mm
c. To resist Mu = 400 kNm with beam width b=400 mm,
how much hmin ?
BEND-Beam-Si

32

EXERCISE - 4

Analysis of trapezoid section due to bending

A trapezoid section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :

400

8 19

500

fc = 25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa

600

How much Mu that could be resisted by this section ?

End of presentation

BEND-Beam-Si

33