DC

ELECTRICITY
By: Maizura Daud
Nur Atiqah Hasbullah
Nor Husna Mohd Rosli

History of Electricity
Originated from Greek word amber .

Modern word electron

Du Fay
Discover that there are two types of charge. Like charges
repel while unlike charges attract
Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry
Believe that electricity is some kind of fluid.
Michael Faraday Discover theoretical basis of electricity
Joseph Henry Invents practical applications (eg:
telegraph)

Difference: EMF and pd

Term emf only used in electrical circuit.

Term pd- potential difference is used in all

energy fields (eg: gravitational, electric etc)
EMF electrical potential difference
generated by a source (eg: generator and
battery)
Potential difference can be measured
between any two points
BUT
EMF is measured between two ends of an
energy source

Resistance
DEFINITION:
The resistance of a conductor is the ratio of
the pd applied across it, to the current passing
through it
Resistance, R = pd across the conductor, V
(Volt)
current through the conductor, I (Amps)

Equation : Ohms Law

V = IR

V = Voltage (Unit: V)
I = Current (Unit: A)
R = Resistance (Unit:
Ohm)

R=
V/I
Ohms
Law stated that:

Provided the temperature and other physical

factors remain constant, the current through a
wire is proportional to the potential difference
across its ends.

Quiz
30 volt lamp carries a current of 0.7
amperes. What is the resistance of
the lamp?
R = V/I = 30/0.7 = 43

Obey Ohms
Law
V=
IR

1) More current flows

2) Metal Filament gets hotter
3) Filament gains energy, then the
atoms vibrate faster
4) Collision with the travelling
electron increases, thus resist
their motion

Two resistances depends on its polarity

Which way it connected
Forward reaction = low resistance
Reverse direction = High resistance

More current flow -> Temperature

increases -> Thermistor makes
available more free electrons to
carry the current

Resistance depends on :Length (l)

Cross-sectional area (A)
Material of which it is

made
R = /A
= resistivity (Unit: m)

Length

Long wire - more resistance

Short wire less resistance
Cross-sectional ->

Thin wire- more resistance

Thick wire- less resistance
Temperature -> in metals, a hot wire has

more resistance than a cold wire.

Effect of Temperature on
Resistance
POINTS!
Metal has large number of free electrons
When the electron move through the metal lattice,

electrons collide with the vibrating metal atoms

The collision oppose the flow of electrons. This
causes metal to have resistance
Metal get heats up, thus metal atoms vibrate faster
with higher amplitude. This causes electrons to
become more difficult to pass through the lattice.
This increases the resistance of metal

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Is the condition where:
conductor is a perfect conductor -> completely
loses its resistivity
Continue to carry current (persistent current)
when its kept below critical temperature, Tc.
The phenomenon occur in certain materials,

usually at very low temperatures.

Occurs in a wide variety of materials
For example, tin, aluminium and various metallic
alloys

Graph of superconductor
For superconductor, the resistance drops

abruptly to zero when material is cooled below

its critical temperature.

The transport Equation

I = current through conductor

n = number of free electrons
A = cross-sectional area
v = drift velocity
e = electron charge

From the information, we may deduce that:

Volume of conductor = A
Number of free electrons - nA
Total charge on free electrons = Q = nAe
I = Q/t
* v, drift velocity of the electrons
I = nAe / t
* 1 electron = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 C
v = /t

I = nAve

Transport Equation

Quiz
Consider a piece of copper and a piece of silicon with
exactly the same cross-sectional area of 3 x 10^-6 m. If
both the copper and the silicon carry a current of 100A,
what is the drift velocity of the electrons in each?
Assume that n (copper) is 10^29 m^-3 and n (silicon) is
2.6 x 10 ^18 m^-3
I = nAve v (copper) =
v = I/nAe

(10^-4)

(10^29) x (3 x 10^-6) x (1.6x10^-19)

= 2 x 10^-9 ms^-1
v (silicon) =

(10^-4)

(2.6x10^18) x (3x10^-16) x (1.6 x 10^-19)

= 80 ms^-1
Page 127
- Textbook

Potential Divider
V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
V1 = R1
V2 R 2

Quiz

Potentiometer
What is potentiometer?
It uses the principle of potential divider circuit.

Sources of emf Internal

Resistance
Internal Resistance = Resistance to electric
current within the source of emf.
Effects of internal resistance of a source of
emf
Results in:1) Voltage across the terminals (potential
difference) of the source dropping as a current
flows through it
2) Source being less than 100% efficient as
energy is dissipated in the internal resistance
as current flows through it.

Formulae of Internal
Resistance

Diagram Battery with Internal

Resistance

Graph: Power Against Load R