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FUNDAMENT

AL
OF GAS

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2014

Agenda
Fundamental of Energy
Gas Introduction and the Sources
Gas and The Processing Technology
Gas Products and the Implementation
Gas Business Prospect
Transportation and Distribution of LNG
Risk assessment of LNG Terminal
Future concept of Energy Distribution

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FUNDAMENTAL OF ENERGY

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ENERGY

ENERGY

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Non Renewable Energy Source

Conventional
- Petroleum
- Natural Gas
- Coal
- Nuclear
Unconventional (exsamples)
- Oil Shale
- Natural Gas hydrates in marine sediment

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Types of Fossil Fuels


Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil Shale
Tar Sands

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Renewables Energy Technologies

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Forms of Energy
The Five main forms of energy are:

Heat
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical

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Energy Conversion
Energy can be changed from one to another
Changes in the form of energy are called energy conversion
All forms of energy can be converted into other forms
- The suns energy through solar cells can be converted directly
into
electricity
- Green plants convert the suns energy (electromagnetic) into
starches
and sugars ( chemical energy)
Other Energy Conversion
- In a electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to
mechanical energy
- The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical
energy in a generator

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GAS INTRODUCTION& SOURCES

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What is Natural Gas

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Natural Gas is Hydrocarbon


PARAFIN =>
( CnH2n+2)

ACETYLENIC => ( CnH2n-2)


Acytilene

Methane

AROMATIC => ( CnH2n-6)

OLEFIN (Ethylene Series) = >


( CnH2n)
Ethyelene

Benzene

DIOLEFIN => ( CnH2n-2)

NAPHTHENE => ( CnH2n)

Butadiene
Cyclo-Hexane
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Sources of Gas

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Natural Gas Resources

Conventional Natural Gas


Free Natural Gas (Non Associated)
Oil Associated Gas
Non Conventional Natural Gas
Tight Gas
Coal bed methane (CBM)
Aquifier Gas
Gas hydrates

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Associated and Non-Associated Gas


Reservoir with Oil
Option 1 : Fully dissolved gasses
Option 2 : Gas cap

More gas than can be dissolved


Pressure (vapor pressure), temperature, quantities of gas

Reservoir without Oil

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Natural Gas Terminology

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Typical Composition from Wells


Typical of
Gas

Chemical
Structure

Heating
Value
(BTU/scf)

Heating
Value
(BTU/scf)

40 95 (%
mole)

CH4

1010

23571

Ethane

2 12 (%
mole)

C2H6

1769.6

22181

Propane

1 6 (% mole)

C3H8

2516.1

21489

Butane

0.2-2.5 (%
mole)

C4H10

3251.9 3262.3

21079
21136

Pentane

0.2 1 (%
mole)

C5H12

4000.9
4008.9

20891 20923

Hexane plus

0.2 - 1 (%
mole)

C6H14 (+)

4755.9

20783

0.5 80 (%
mole)

CO2

Nitrogen

0.1-5

N2

Hydrogen
Sulphur

0 12000
(ppm)

H2S

637.1

6897.4

Constituent
Methane

Carbon Dioxide

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Natural Gas Terminology

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Industrial Natural Gas Usage

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Role of Natural Gas

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GAS PROCESSING & HANDLING

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Natural Gas Terminology

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Natural Gas Transportation System

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Gas Processing & Handling Options

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Gas Handling Options

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Gas Transport and Gas Conversion

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Gas to Chemicals Processing Routes

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Gas Transportation & Handling


Key Parameter for Selection of Handling
Method

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Gas Transportation & Handling


General Properties
PARAMETER

Unit

GAS PIPELINE

LPG

CNG

LNG

Ambient

Ambient

ambient

-160

PRESSURE

Barg

20 - 70

4- 16

200 - 250

0.25 - 2

DENSITY

kg/m3

17 - 66

500-550

200 - 247

435-460

Gas

Liquid

Gas

Liquid

BTU/scf

950 -1200

2800-3000

950 -1200

1000 - 1200

TEMPERATURE

PHASE
HEATING VALUE

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Nomenclature
MMSCFD (Million metric Standard Cubic Feet per Day)
Is a unit of gas flow rate measured at the standard state at P = 14.7 psi and T 60 degrees F

SCMH : STANDARD CUBIC METER PER HOURS


GHV : Gross Heating Value
Energy value resulting from the combustion of a fuel (gas, diesel, premium, etc.) unity of volume
or mass

MMBTU : MILLION METRIC BRITISH THERMAL UNIT


Unit of Energy / Heat Value
LSD : LITER SETARA DIESEL
Equivalent value between CNG with diesel, which is obtained from the comparison
of the value of each fuel fuel
1 Kilo Joule = 0.95 BTU
1 Kcal
= 3.97 BTU
1 Kilo Joule = 0.24 Kcal
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Nomenclature (2)
UNIT OF PARAMETER
MASS
VOLUME
DENSITY

: kg. lb (pound), Ton,


: m , ft3, Liter, Barrel, Gallon
: kg/m3, lb/ft3, Ton/m3

1
1
1
1

:
:
:
:

m3
kg
barrel
Gallon(US)

35.31 ft3
2.2 lb
0.16 m3
3.79 liter

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LNG

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What is Liquefied Natural Gas

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LNG enables long distance shipping

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Typical LNG Component

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Why do we Liquefy Natural Gas

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What is Cryogenic Liquid


A Cryogenic liquid is the liquid form of any element or
compound that liquefied at a temperature below -100 oF (73 oC ) and atmospheric pressure.
Liquid Hydrogen, Oxygen, Helium, Nitrogen and LNG are
common cryogenic liquids.

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LNG is look this

LNG

Colorless Liquid
Boiling Liquid
In LNG, ordinary material will became so
brittle and break like gas
LNG requires special low temperature
material for storage

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Approximate LNG Conversion Factors


1 MMSCF (LNG)

= 19 20 Ton

1 m3 (LNG)

= 0.437 0.470 Ton

1 MMSCF

= 40 46 m3

1 m3

= 0.021 - 0.025 MMSCFD

1 MMSCF

= 1000 1160 MMBTU

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LNG Heat Value Comparison to Other Fuel


FUEL
CONSUMPTION

LNG (MMBTU)
(*)

LNG (MMSCF)
(*)

1 TON (LPG)

43.65

+/- 0.0397

1 KL (DIESEL)

36.72

+/- 0.0334

1 KL (MFO)

39.29

+/- 0.0357

1 KL (KEROSEN)

33.27

+/- 0.0302

1 KL (GASOLINE)

30.55

+/- 0.0278

(*) Combustion Efficiency Ignored

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Full Conbustion Carbon Coefficients

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LNG is Safer Than Other Hydrocarbons

LNG has less fire hazard than other hydrocarbon


LNG leaks will be easily detected due to visible
moisture cloud
LNG leaks immediately vaporize
LNG pool open fire will not cause any explosion
LNG flame speed travel slower than people
walking
Low temperature hazard
Frost byte
Cause structural material brittle and fall
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LNG Process

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Characteristic of LNG Transportation

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Characteristic of LNG Transportation (2)

Integral part of LNG chain


Ships dedicated to the Project
No Substitute Tonnage
Absolute Safety and Reliability
Long-term Contract (20-25 years)
Competitive Cost
Ship-owners/Managers Responsibility is Enormous

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GAS BUSINESS

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Oil and Gas Business Concept

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Typical Oil and Gas Contract Term

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Indonesias Energy Policy

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Law OF Energy

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Law OF Energy

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Law OF Energy

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Law OF Energy

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Law OF Energy

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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

LNG is transported over long distances e.g., 2500 miles and


more
LNG Technology

Capital intensive
Onshore and transportation needs
Good demand market is essential
Steady and large supply of reserves

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The LNG Business


LNG the
Commodity

The Transportation & Handling

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Global LNG Market = Global Gas Market

LNG is able to move beyond inter-regionally


As the number of export and import liquefaction plats rises,
it quite possible that a global LNG market will be created
The ultimately points to the development of one or more
price benchmarks, almost certainly Henry Hub price in the
US and possibly the Zeebrugge spot price in Europe
This will allow natural gas to become and truly global
commodity

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LNG Project Business Model Structure


Business structure
Export project (JV of IOCS, NOC & maybe buyers) is the LNG seller
Buyers are monopoly franchised utilities (integrated utilities, ex: Japan)
or merchant gas transportation companies (ex: Korea, Taiwan, Europe)
Trades and facility/shipping services are bilaterally commited

Commercial structure
Facilities and shipping (optimized and dedicated)
Quality risk buyer assumes with high take-or-pay commitment
Price risk seller Oil indexed pricing (because no gas market) needs
endorsement by buyers regulatory and political structure
Neither side has incentive to defect with energy market value movements

restrictions limit arbitrage

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LNG Project Business Model Properties

Purpose
Supply project: to ass ure credit-worthy revenue stream
Demand project: to assure reliable non-oppoutunistic supply

Limits flexibility to preclude defection


Costly to buyers
Rigid delivery (cant manage volume mismatch through
merchant activity)

Costly to sellers
destination restrictions limit arbitrage

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LNG Costs Becoming Even More


Competitive

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TERIMAKASIH
WWW.TITISSAMPURNA.COM

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