ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Faradays Law: The emf induced in a circuit

by a changing magnetic field is equal to the
negative time rate of change of the
magnetic flux m through any open surface
bounded by that surface. The circuit of
interest consists of a number N of tightly
wound turns. In equation form,
= -N /t.
The direction of the induced emf is such as to
always oppose the change in magnetic flux
that causes the emf (Lenzs law).

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

INDUCED CURRENT
Joseph

Henry worked in the United States and

Michael Faraday worked in England to discern
the details of current generated in wire and
permanent magnets in motion
relative to each other.

KNOWING THE MAGNETIC FLUX

Regardless

of what moves,
knowing the magnetic flux
around a conducting entity
will allow determination of
current induced.
See Figure 29.3 at right and
Figure 29.4 below.

EMF AND THE CURRENT INDUCED IN A LOOP

Follow Example 29.1.
Figure 29.5 illustrates the
example.

 Example

29.1 Emf and current induced in

a loop
The magnetic field between the poles of
the electromagnet in Fig. 29.4 is uniform
at any time, but its magnitude is
increasing at the rate of 0.020 T/s. The
area of the conducting loop in the field is
120 cm2, and the total circuit resistance,
including the meter and the resistor, is 5.0
. A) Find the induced emf and the
induced current in the circuit. B) If the
loop is replaced by one made of an
insulator, what effect does this have on
the induced emf and induced current?

Soln:
a) The vector area of the loop is perpendicular to
the plane of the loop (we choose it to be
vertically upward). Then the vectors A and B
are parallel. Since B is uniform, the magnetic
flux through the loop is:
= BA = BA cos 0o = BA and the rate of
change of magnetic flux is:
/t = (0.020 T/s)(0.012 m2)
= 2.4 x 10-4 V = 0.24 mV
The corresponding induced current is:
I = /R = 2.4 x 10-4V/5.0
= 4.8 x 10-5 A = 0.048 mA

B) By changing to a loop made of insulator,

weve made the resistance of the loop very
high. Faradays law does not involve the
resistance of the circuit in any way, so the
induced emf does NOT change. But the
current will be smaller as given by the
equation I = /R.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1.

A.
B.
C.

A coil is placed in a magnetic field, and the

normal to the plane of the coil remains
parallel to the field. Which one of the ff.
options causes the average emf induced in
the coil to be as large as possible?
The magnitude of the field is small, and its
rate of change is large.
The magnitude of the field is large, and its
rate of change is small.
The magnitude of the field is large, and it
does not change.

LENZS LAW

The induced emf resulting from a

changing magnetic flux has a
polarity that leads to an induced
current whose direction is such
that the induced magnetic field
opposes the original flux change.
(The direction of any magnetic
induction effect is such as to
oppose the cause of the effect.)

The emf Produced By a Moving Magnet:

The figure shows a permanent magnet
approaching a loop of wire. The external
circuit attached to the loop consists of the
resistance R, which could be the resistance of
the filament in a light bulb, for instance. Find
the direction of the induced current and the
polarity of the induced emf.
S

N
A

Magnetic field
Lines

Induced Current
Induced Magnetic field
Lines

A + -

Reasoning and Solution:

We apply Lenzs law, the essence of which is that
the change in magnetic flux must be opposed by
the induced B. The through the loop is
increasing , since the magnitude of the magnetic
field at the loop is increasing as the magnet
approaches. To oppose the increase in the flux,
the direction of the induced magnetic field must

be opposite to the field of the bar magnet.

Since the field of the bar magnet passes
through the loop from left to right in part a of
the drawing , the induced field must pass
through the loop from right to left, as in part
b. To create such an induced field , the
induced current must be directed counterclockwise around the loop, when viewed from
the side nearest the magnet. The loop
behaves as a source of emf, just like a
battery. Since conventional current is directed
into the external circuit from the positive
terminal, point A in Fig. b must be the positive
terminal, and point B must be the negative
terminal.

MUTUAL INDUCTION
Coil 1 is connected to a voltage source and coil 2 is
connected to a lamp. An iron rod is inserted in coil 1.
Coil 1
Coil 2

Explain each of the ff. observations:

When the switch S is closed:

1. change in current from 0 to max; there is induction
in coil 1; Right end of coil 1 becomes the N-pole; B is
induced in coil 2 with its left end becoming the N-pole
hence current in coil2 is directed CCW.
Long after the S has been closed, the current is steady;
no change in the current or , no induction in coil 2.
When the switch S is opened, there is change in current
from max. to zero; there is induction in coil 2.
Long after the S is closed, coil 1 is moved towards coil
2; there is repulsion between the coils.
Long after the S is closed, coil 2 is moved away from
coil 1; there is attraction between the coils.
Long after the S is closed, the iron rod in coil 1 is
removed; there is attraction between the coils.

TRANSFORMERS
1.

The ff. figure shows a simple transformer

which has 10 turns in the primary coil and
100 turns in the secondary coil. A) Should
the power supply be d.c. or a. c.? B) A p.d.
of 15 V exists across the primary coil. What
is the p.d. across the secondary coil? C) Is
this a step-up or step-down transformer?
primary coil

power
supply

secondary coil

output

Solution:
a) Transformers work on a.c.
b) Vs = VpNs/Np = (15 V)(100 turns)/10 turns
C)

2.

a)
b)
c)

= 150 V
Step-up transformer since the output is
higher than the input.
A step-down transformer gives a current of 5
A at 12 V. Assume that there is no power
loss. If the primary voltage is 240 V, find:
the primary current;
the power input; and
the power output.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

3. 3 kW of power are supplied at the end of
power cables of total resistance 10 .
Calculate the power loss in the cables if power
is transmitted a) at 200 V, b) at 4000 V, c) Is
power loss in the cables much less when the
power is transmitted at higher voltage OR at
lower voltage? d) Is your answer in (c)
associated with large current or with small
current? e) Based on your answers in (c) and
(d) should long-distance power lines be made
of thick wires or thin wires? Why?

QUIZ

Coil 1 is connected to a voltage source and coil 2 is connected to a

galvanometer.
Coil 1
Coil 2

Modified True or false: Write T if the statement is true and change the
underlined word or letter to make the false statement true.

When the switch S in setup 1 is closed:

1. coil 1 becomes an electromagnet
whose N-pole is labelled A. T
2. magnetic field is induced in the 2nd
coil whose N-pole is labelled D. T
3. The induced current in coil 2
causes the galvanometer pointer to
deflect to the left. T
When the switch is kept closed:
4. the G-pointer does not deflect
because no B is induced in coil 2. T

QUIZ NO. 2

. the B in coil 1 relative to coil2 is not

changing . T
When the switch is turned off:
6. the magnetic field in coil 1 reverses in
direction. F (does not reverse its direction)
7. End C of coil 2 becomes an N-pole. T
8. The current through the battery is from
X to W. T
9. The induced current through the
galvanometer is from Z to Y. F (Y to Z)
10. A, C
5