Senin, 21 Februari 2011

Variabel
1
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Variabel 2
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Chi Quare 2
Phi Coefficient
Coefficient
Contingency C
Cramers (nu)
Lambda simetrik
Lambda asimetrik

Spearman rs

t test
(hypothesis of
difference)
Z test
(hypothesis of
difference)
Eta

Kendalls
Gamma
Spearman rs
Sommers D
asimetrik
Pearsons r
Regression
asimetrik

Nominal Bivariate Analysis - continued

...is a proportional reduction in error

statistics
...it reflects the degree to which
knowledge of the independent variable
reduces errors in predicting where
cases will fall on the dependent variable
...it tells us how much, proportionally,
knowledge of the independent variable
improves our ability to guess the
dependent category

Bidang
Kerja (Y)

Gaya Hidup (X)

Achiever

Anxious

Pusher

Manufaktur

32

47

54

133

Jasa

32

60

39

131

Pemerintaha
n

23

41

95

159

87

148

188

423

xy = ( Lyx Ly) / (N Ly)

yx = ( Lxy Lx) / (N Lx)

N = Total number of cases

Ly = The number of cases in the modal
Y category, ignoring X
Lyx = the number of cases in the largest
cell within given X category
Lx = The number of cases in the modal
X category, ignoring Y
Lxy = the number of cases in the largest
cell within given Y category

Bidang
Kerja (Y)

Gaya Hidup (X)

Achiever

Anxious

Pusher

Manufaktur

32

47

54

133

Jasa

32

60

39

131

Pemerintaha
n

23

41

95

159

87

148

188

423

xy = ( Lyx Ly) / (N Ly) = (32+60+95) - 159/ (423

159) = 0.11
yx = ( Lxy Lx) / (N Lx) = (54+60+95) - 188/ 423
188) = 0.09

Bidang
Kerja (Y)

Gaya Hidup (X)

Achiever

Anxious

Pusher

Manufaktur

32

47

54

133

Jasa

32

60

39

131

Pemerintaha
n

23

41

95

159

87

148

188

423

yx = ( Lyx + lxy Ly - Lx)/

2N - Ly - Lx

yx =
(32+60+95)+(54+60+9
5) 159 - 188)/ 2(423)
159 188

Ly = The number of cases in the

modal Y category
Lx = The number of cases in the
modal X category
Lyx = the number of cases in the
largest cell within given X category
Lxy = the number of cases in the
largest cell within given Y category

Bandingkan korelasi symmetric

dengan korelasi asymmetric yang
diperhitungkan sebelumnya
Bila symmetric lebih besar (>)
daripada asymmetric, berarti:
Mungkin ada variabel ketiga (intervening

variable)
Hubungan x y tidak bersifat kausal

In practice

Measures

Greek
Symbo
l

Type of Data

High
Associatio
n

Lambda
Gamma
Tau
(Kendalls)

Nominal
Ordinal
Ordinal

1-0
+1.0 , -1.0
+1.0 , -1.0

Rho
Chi square

Interval, Ratio
Nominal,
Ordinal

+1.0 , -1.0
Infinity

Bivariate Analysis
Statistical Significance

Direction of Influence

Strength
Reciprocal

Direction

Asymmetric

Form

Theoretical Status of IV
Symmetric

Sufficient

Non Spuriousness
Necessary

Contributory

Related to Differences

An unsophisticated forecaster uses

statistics as a drunken man uses lampposts - for support rather than for
illumination (Andrew Lang)
Facts are stubborn, but statistics are
more pliable (Mark Twain)