Professional Documents
Culture Documents
University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Steel Structures
CE-409
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Course Content
Design philosophies
Introduction to Steel Structures
Design of Welded connections
Design of Bolted connections
Design of Tension Members
Design of Compression Members
CE-411: Lecture 01
Course Content
Design of Column Bases
Design of Beams
Design of Composite Beams
Design of Plate Girders
CE-411: Lecture 01
N-W.F.P. University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Topics to be covered
Design philosophies
Limit States
Design Considerations
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
Design process
CE-411: Lecture 01
Design Philosophies
A general statement assuming safety in
engineering design is:
Resistance Effect of applied loads ---(1)
In eq(1) it is essential that both sides are
evaluated for same conditions and units e.g.
compressive stress on soil should be
compared with bearing capacity of soil
CE-411: Lecture 01
Design Philosophies
Resistance of structures is composed
of its members which comes from
materials & X-section
Resistance, Capacity, and Strength are
somewhat synonym terms.
Terms like Demand, Stresses, and
Loads are used to express Effect of
applied loads.
CE-411: Lecture 01
Limit States
When particular loading reaches its
limit, failure is the assumed result, i.e.
the loading condition become failure
modes, such a condition is referred to
as limit state and it can be defined as
A limit state is a condition beyond
which a structural system or a structural
component ceases to fulfill the function
for which it is designed.
CE-411: Lecture 01
Limit States
There are three broad classification of
limit states:
1. Strength limit states
2. Serviceability limit states
3. Special limit states
CE-411: Lecture 01
Limit States
Strength Limit States:
Flexure
Torsion
Shear
CE-411: Lecture 01
Fatigue
Settlement
Bearing
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Limit States
Serviceability Limit States:
Cracking
Excessive Deflection
Buckling
Stability
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Limit States
Special Limit States:
Damage or collapse in extreme
earthquakes.
Structural effects of fire, explosions, or
vehicular collisions.
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Limit States
Design Approach used must ensure that
the probability of a Limit State being
reached in the Design/Service Life of a
structure is within acceptable limits;
However, complete elimination of
probability of a Limit State being
achieved in the service life of a structure
is impractical as it would result in
uneconomical designs.
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Design Considerations
Structure and Structural Members should
have adequate strength, stiffness and
toughness to ensure proper functioning
during service life
Reserve Strength should be available to
cater for:
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14
Design Considerations
Structural Design must provide adequate
margin of safety irrespective of Design
Method
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Design Considerations
An important goal in design is to prevent
limit state from being reached.
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Design Considerations
Brittle behavior is to be avoided as it
will imply a sudden loss of load carrying
capacity when elastic limit is exceeded.
Reinforced concrete can be made
ductile by limiting the steel
reinforcement.
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Design Considerations
To determine the acceptable margin of
safety, opinion should be sought from
experience and qualified group of
engineers.
In steel design AISC manuals for ASD &
LRFD guidelines can be accepted as
reflection of such opinions.
CE-411: Lecture 01
18
Design Considerations
Any design procedure require the
confidence of Engineer on the analysis of
load effects and strength of the materials.
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Mathematical Description of A S D
Rn
= Factor of Safety FS
23
Fy I / c
FS I / c
fb
Fy
Fb
FS
CE-411:Lecture No. 1
or
M
I /c
Fcr
Fb
FS
24
Section Modulus
Section Modulus:
S effect of load/Allowable stress
= M/fb ------(ii)
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ASD Drawbacks
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ASD Drawbacks
ASD does not give reasonable measure
of strength, which is more fundamental
measure of resistance than is allowable
stress.
Another drawback in ASD is that safety
is applied only to stress level. Loads are
considered to be deterministic (without
variation).
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Strength of Materials
It consider the variability not only in
resistance but also in the effects of load.
It provides measure of safety related to
probability of failure.
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29
Rn
n Qi
= Factor of Safety
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30
The role of n
Ductility: It implies a large capacity for inelastic
deformation without rupture
CE-411: Lecture 01
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The role of n
Redundancy:
1. A simply supported beam is a determinate
structure so it has no redundant actions.
2. A fixed beam is indeterminate by 2
degrees so it has two redundant actions.
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Redundancy
Yielding will initiate at mid span due to maximum moment at mid span
with no Redistribution of load
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Redundancy
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Redundancy
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The role of n
Operational Importance:
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36
Operational Importance
hospital
park
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37
LRFD Advantages
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LRFD Disadvantages
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40
41
42
43
0.8 1.07 ( L / D )
1 ( L / D)
. (A)
LRFD
1.56 D
0.93
1 ( L / D)
. (B)
44
1.0
LRFD
ASD
0.93
0.9
0.8
1.2D + 1.6L
0.83
1.4D
0.7
0.12
CE-411: Lecture 01
4
3
Live Load
Dead Load
45
46
47
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49
50
51
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Design Process
1. Functional planning
Development of a plan that will enable the structure to
fulfill effectively the purpose for which it is to be built
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Design Process
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Design Process
2. Structural scheme
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Design Process
2. Structural scheme (Contd.)
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Design Process
3. Preliminary Member Sizing of Beams
Deflection Considerations
ASD Commentary L3.1 suggests following Limits:
L
D
L
D
L
D
CE-411:Lecture No. 1
800
Fy ( Ksi )
20
800
Fy ( Ksi )
58
Design Process
Trib
u
tary
Are
a
Design Moment
Strength/Capacity Considerations
Beam
Unbraced Length
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Design Process
Tributary Area
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Tributary Area
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Design Process
4. Structural Analysis - Modeling
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Design Process
4. Structural Analysis - Analysis
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Design Process
5. Design Review/ Member Modification
Must be chosen so that they will be able to resist,
within appropriate margin of safety, the forces
which the structural analysis has disclosed.
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
6. Cost Estimation
Make a tentative cost estimates for several
preliminary structural layouts.
Selection of constructional material based on:
Availability of specific material
Corresponding skilled labor
Relative costs
Wage scales
CE-411: Lecture 01
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Design Process
7. Preparation of Structural Drawings & Specifications
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Thanks
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